What teachers need in order to deal with Ethical Dilemmas

What teachers need in order to deal with honourable DilemmasEthics atomic number 18 defined as a set of principles of near conducts the rules or standards g everywherening the conduct of a person or the members of a profession ( Dictionary of the Human Language, 2000). Teachers are often put in situations that bring more than just experienceing the basic school rules. It is within these situations, that the ethical dilemmas occur. at that place is not always a right way to deal with more daily problems that face pedagogs, but there are ways to handle situations that are better then former(a)s.Teachers should follow and bear on to a code of ethical motive to help teach in the most appropriate and ethical way as well as a guide to help deal with dilemmas.It is weighty that teachers give children a fair chance to show their knowledge when assessing. The purpose of assessment is to provide feedback that so-and-so be used to improve student performance ( Orange 2000). Teacher s assess children to ensure that they are understanding the material, and to fetch sure they are learning. For young children especially tests should never be the only criteria of assessment. Instructors should always make sure that their assessment is fair. When testing a child, make sure that the testing method used is appropriate for that child. For example, if giving a test that relies on opthalmic aids to administer the test it is important that the teacher is certain that all the children fuck off good enough vision to clearly see the aids.When assessing young children in particular it is important to look for more then simply right or wrong. An in depth look is necessary to see what the children really know before giving them a poor grade. Childrens work needs to critiqued in more then one way to be sure that they really do or dont understand. Varied assessment methods developed and evaluated by teachers make a significant contribution to knowledge about what children know , can do, and still need to learn. (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000)Children have the right to confidentiality. It is contrasted for a teacher to discuss a childs results with fellow colleagues or other students. A childs grades should be private, and should not be posted. Students might be ashamed of their grades, or some people might take poor grades as a bad reflection upon the students character. Public pronouncements (of grades) are likely to cloud everyones opinion of that childs ability (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000 ). It is important not to share superior confidential information in any other way but a professional way. There are appropriate and inappropriate times to share a childs information, part of becoming a professional is knowing when to keep quiet and protect confidentiality (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000).Just as braking confidentiality is inappropriate so is teacher bias and discrimination. It is suppose to be that school is the only institution that can counter the accidents of birth, guarantee of chance and provide objective and fair ways to select and train talented individuals (Goodlad, Sirotnik Sober,1990). However, discrimination towards students takes place all the time. Teachers often discriminate against males and females, expecting different things from both. Research over the last decade has shown that males and females have different classroom experiences because they approach learning differently and because teachers tend to fineness them differently. There is an expectation that for females in some subjects are usually lower, as they are for members of certain racial and ethnic groups and for poor students. (Hanson Shwartz, 1992).Boys are usually associated with doing better in math then girls, while girls are thought of as to excel in English. It seems as though teacher are aware of this bias and instead of helping to stop it they make it worse by treating the children differently.Teachers continue the bias by picking teachers pets. Tea chers are not suppose to pick favorites. If they do they are certainly not suppose to treat them any differently from the rest of the class. If teachers favor and esteem certain members of a peer group, the remaining children will understandably have a diminished wizard of self worth (Orange, 2000). Teachers should take the time to evaluate their own demeanor, evaluating whether or not they treat children differently. This could also help teachers overcome racial, social or sexuality biases as well as favoritism. According to the survey, 82 percent of students say they have had a teacher who has favored one student over others and 52 percent of teachers admit to having done so (Argarwal, 2001). Teachers are inevitably going to have certain children they enjoy more, its human nature. Its when teachers begin to give special brakes, or give better grades to certain students solely because they like the students character better, that is when favoritism gets out of hand.It is very ea sy to cross the line or use inappropriate punishment as a teacher. Teachers must choose their punishment techniques carefully. Corporal punishment is no longer allowed in a vast majority of states. A school discipline policy is a good guide for teachers to follow to make sure they are using an appropriate discipline method. On the other hand, even the best policy is only a document, and how it is carried out is at least as important as what it says (Gushee, 1984). When a child misbehaves it is important to press what is causing this behavior. Childrens motivation for bad behavior usually has to do with love, power, freedom or fun- or some combination.(Isenberg Jalongo, 2000). When deciding appropriate discipline it is important for the educator to keep in mind whether or not the discipline is necessary, productive, fair, or age appropriate. The basic minimum requirement for understanding any young childs behavior begins by building a relationship with them and depends upon effecti ve communication ( Isenberg Jalongo, 2000). Rather then constant discipline teachers should remember to look for the good as well.To parry dealing with problems unethically, and to guide educators in the right way there are a set of principles. The principles are intended to guide, conduct and assist practitioners in resolve ethical dilemmas encountered in the field (The National joining for the Education of Young Children Code of Ethical Conduct, 2000, as cited in Isenberg Jalongo, 2000). There are answers to some funny(predicate) questions, but not all dilemmas are addressed on the Code of Ethics. They can not tell a teacher how to teach but they can lead them in the right way. Most problems will require the use of the Code as well as professional judgment (The National Association for the Education of Young Children Code of Ethical Conduct, 2000, as cited in Isenberg Jalongo, 2000).The National Association for the Education of Young Children Code of Ethical Conduct believ es that there are certain values that teachers should always keep in mind while educating. The Association states that Standards of ethical behavior are based on commitment to lens nucleus values that are deeply rooted in the history of our field. The core values include ideas such as appreciating childhood as a unique stage, basing work on the knowledge of child development, appreciating and supporting the close ties between family and child, knowing that children are best understood in the context of their family and culture, respecting the dignity and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member, and colleague), and to assay to help children and adults achieve their full potential in the context in relationships that are based on trust, respect, and positive regard.There is no perfect way to teach, and it is hard to find the perfect solution to every problem. The best way for a teacher to deal with ethical situations is to try to avoid the problem to begin with. Teachers should always think about their actions and evaluate their behavior on a regular basis. Problems that deal with concepts such as bias, or favoritism can be avoided by a teacher simply evaluating himself and his behavior. Problems with assessment and confidentiality just take a little consideration, and thinking through. If teacher would refer to the Code of Ethics it might help lead them in the most appropriate and ethical actions and solutions. The National Association for the Education for Young Children Code of Ethical Behavior states that Above all, we shall not harm children. We shall not participate in practices that are disrespectful, degrading, dangerous, exploitive, intimidating, emotionally damaging, or physically harmful to children. They say that, that principle has priority over all others.

Assertiveness and Effective Leadership

Assertiveness and Effective LeadershipASSERTIVENESS AND EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIPBy Joseph SantoraThis oblige deals with the study of the right level of self- self-assertiveness that should be use in having an stiff leadership. These ar the key points that I observe with this readingLeaders should dumbfound winrial competencies in order to be successful in any organization, i of these characteristics that state argon looking in good managers is his/her assertiveness.The connection between leadership and assertiveness isnt that clear, there lose been studies from the past regarding the relationship of leadership and assertiveness. Studies shows that there are certain levels of assertiveness that should be use in different situations in order to become an impressive leader.On the first study, assertiveness was not consorted with leadership strength alone rather it was considered as a weakness of a leader. Regardless of the level of assertiveness used, whether it is imprint asse rtiveness or high assertiveness, both were considered as weakness of a potential managers.On the second study, it was viewed that people with moderate and low levels of assertiveness are much appreciated when it comes to contravention management and their influence to other, rather than people with high level of assertiveness, wherein they are still viewed as least effective leaders.The ternion study conducted focuses on older managers and the result is leaders with too low in assertiveness were seen as weak for foreshortenting things make but are successful with their social relationship in the organization, while leaders with high level of assertiveness may be able to get things done but suffers his/her social life at work.Though there are a lot of suggestions, the conclusion to this study is having a moderate level of assertiveness is more likely to be effective in leadership both in social and organizational goals. However, they should be flexible on the level of their asse rtiveness depending on the demand of certain situations.How can you make use of the article in your daily life?For me, assertiveness in my life means universe aggressive and fierce in getting things done or in any circumstances. I think I can relate the level of assertiveness in my daily life as a spouse. Being a wife to my a bit temperamental husband, where his mood swings were kinda unpredictable, I have to make sure of the right level of assertiveness to apply in dealing with him especi bothy when problem comes to avoid CHAOS.LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES OF EXECUTIVESBy S. LimbareThe study deals about the relationship between leadership styles and management styles of executives, here are the list of key points that I have taken into about what the article wants to convey.Leadership is basically the ability to influence others to direct them in attaining specific goals, moulding their attitudes and behavior, and motivating them. at that place are eight differ ent styles of leadership jibe to Reddin (1970) and these are the followingDeserter Leadership style means uninvolved or passive, who allows things to just happen and accept what other people would do without try to change them.Missionary style of leadership is primarily entertained harmony and would avoid any conflict as much as possible.Autocrat leadership style shows no confidence and lack concerns to others. And just interested in getting the job done. Usually self centered kind of leadership where it keeps all the control of the org within himself.Compromiser style of leader is a poor decision maker, who would easily give up on something in order to end an business line or dispute.Bureaucrat is normally based on following the rules and procedures and control the situation for their own sake.Developer leadership style based his trust on people and is mainly concern in developing them as individual goal setter.Benevolent autocrat knows exactly what he wants form people and the situation and knows how to get things done in his own way without causing resentment.Executive is a good motivator who sets high standards treats everyone differently and prefers team management.There are quaternion main avoidance styles of conflict management at preventing or postponing conflict in different ways and these areResignation the extreme avoidance follow in helpless situations.Wedrawal getting away with conflict.Defusion the style that buys time or delays the dealing with conflict.Appeasement style means agreeing temporarily with the group not because it is convinced but just to avoid conflicts.There are four approaches modes or styles that are used in dealing with conflict and finding a settlement and these areConfrontation is use to fight out an issue to get a ancestor in favor of one side. It is often adopted by management and may involve coercion and likely to fail in having solution.Compromise process of sharing the gain without resolving the conflict.Arbitra tion where a third party is sought to assess the situation and provide solutions.Negotiation jointly discussion in dealing with the problem and finding solutions.Different studies were made and said(prenominal) findings are missionary style of a leader was the most preferent and deserter leader was the most rejected. And that appeasement management style was the most preferred style in dealing with conflict.The modes and styles of conflict management and managerial leadership style of managersBy khanKey points from the journal readingConflict in an organization is inevitable, because it is made up of individuals or group that affect one another with their actions. It can involve incompatible differences between parties that would result to opposition and rape of rules and procedures. Conflict signifies commitment, involvement and caring.In this study there are five styles of conflict management, these areCompetition, the use of this style in dealing with the conflict solution is the attempt to affect very strongly the opponent by the use of formal authority, power or threats.Collaboration is mutual problem solving, where parties are lawsuit to face in discussing the issues. It is frequently viewed as a win approach because the solution is sought by all the participants for their advantages.Avoidance a situation where one party avoids the other to prevent demonstration of disagreement, it is either withdrawal or suppression.Accommodation it is viewed as a self-sacrificing behavior, where one party puts the other partys interest first.Compromise is created when each party gives up something to come up with the solution.There are different kind of leadership style that was tackled in this journal these areConcern for people leaders considers the needs of their members.Concern for production leader emphasizes high productivity, organizational efficiency in deciding how to complete the task.Country lodge leadership high people but low production because peo ple operates under the assumption that as long as they are happy and mend they will work hard. The direction and control of the org suffers.Produce or perish leader also known as authoritarian or compliance leaders, harsh rules, policies and views punishment to motivate the employees. Viewed as high production but low in people.Impoverished leadership it is a low production and low people approach and most ineffective.Middle of the road leadership medium production and medium people where leaders settle for average performance.Team leadership tally to Blake mouton this is the pinnacle of managerial style. Where leader stress the production needs and people need equally high.In their analysis, it is revealed that most managers used the accommodating and collaborating conflict management mode to handle issue in an organization.Conflict management, efficaciousness, performance in an organizational teamBy s. alperKey points of the articleIn a traditional hierarchical organizatio ns, employees are expected to inform their managers or supervisors of problems and conflicts and abide by their decision. In organizations that use teams, employees are supposed to resolve problems and conflicts by themselves.There are some theories that argued that employees will work more effectively when they are in control of their own internal functioning and work coordination without eternal supervision.Employees are expected to resolve issues around their personalities, work roles and habits, production procedures and quality of work to best way to complete the task.Individuals who believe they can perform needed actions work effort are productive than those with little efficacy are unproductive and fail to take initiative to contribute to the organizations.Group efficacy have all-important(a) effects on team performance.Conflict is central to organizational groups that is why conflict efficacy may contribute significantly to the team overall performance. With low levels of efficacy the teams are unable to perform effectively. Conflict efficacy the belief of team members that they could successfully manage different conflict situations.Some studies support that war-ridden conflict has a largely negative impact on conflict efficacy. Teams that relied to competitive conflict were found to have exhibit low levels of conflict efficacy and reduced group performance.Organizational teams that rely on cooperative approaches to conflicts appears to be good candidates in working effectively for the organization because of their autonomy. Organizational teams do not improve by themselves, teams are not expected to automatically feel empowered and confident to deal with conflicts in any situation. Empowering them and giving them the proper enhancements to manage conflict would definitely give them the positive attitudes to do the work effectively and resolve conflicts.The critical role of conflict resolution in teams a nearly look at the links between conflict t ype, conflict management strategies and team outcomes.

The Advantages of Communism Over Capitalism Essay -- Politics Politica

The Advantages of fabianism Over Capitalism The purpose of this essay is to prove that collectivism is a better formof economic giving medication, comp atomic number 18d to capitalism. I will determination thefollowing examples of quality, employment, health care and society, to showwhy Communism is a better form of economic organization. First of solely in a commie regime, people are all equal to eachother no matter how educated that person is, in the eye of the government.For example a surgeon how is very closely educated is equal in status with apeasant farmer because in communism their is no much(prenominal) thing as lower class,middle class and upper class. Eliminating economic boundaries whichseparate people, benefits the whole society because then we eliminate the confine and have not, as a concomitant it eliminates crime. Secondly in a Communist economic system people are never unemployedbecause the government owns the mode of production. Meaning the governments owns all the factories and stores because their is no privateowner ship in a Communist system. This is good because the government cancontrol and decide what is compulsory for the good of society and levy it.Another reason why Communism is good is because every wholeness in the country isprovided with a job, house and food no one is denied the essentials oflife. One of the most vestigial human rights is access to adequate healthcare. In Communist countries the right of access to health care is verywell practiced, because no one is denied health care. In a Communistcountry you could go to the Doctor for lets say a Flu shot or a complicatedprocedure such as a triple coronary bypass surgery and the government willpick up the tab, because in co... ...that Communism is really not that deadly if it is administered right.When I started to compare and criticize capitalism compared to Communism Ifound out that Capitalism is really a sour form economic organization inwh ich the people of a same race or country are forced to compete at everything they do. Not wholly that In a capitalism society many people how cant competein a Capitalistic society are thrown aside and labeled as bums but societydoesnt look to see what caused the problem and let these people spoil,because again in a capitalistic society only the hygienic survive. Overall my views of Capitalism are true meaning that I do believe inCapitalism, but inside of me I feel that a inadequate bit of Communism mixedwith capitalism will make a perfect form of economic organization in whichthe whole of society benefits and moves forward. The Advantages of Communism Over Capitalism Essay -- Politics PoliticaThe Advantages of Communism Over Capitalism The purpose of this essay is to prove that Communism is a better formof economic organization, compared to capitalism. I will use thefollowing examples of quality, employment, health care and society, to showwhy Communi sm is a better form of economic organization. First of all in a communist regime, people are all equal to eachother no matter how educated that person is, in the eyes of the government.For example a Surgeon how is very well educated is equal in status with apeasant farmer because in communism their is no such thing as lower class,middle class and upper class. Eliminating economic boundaries whichseparate people, benefits the whole society because then we eliminate thehave and have not, as a circumstance it eliminates crime. Secondly in a Communist economic system people are never unemployedbecause the government owns the means of production. Meaning thegovernments owns all the factories and stores because their is no privateowner ship in a Communist system. This is good because the government cancontrol and decide what is needed for the good of society and produce it.Another reason why Communism is good is because everyone in the country isprovided with a job, house and f ood no one is denied the essentials oflife. One of the most fundamental human rights is access to adequate healthcare. In Communist countries the right of access to health care is verywell practiced, because no one is denied health care. In a Communistcountry you could go to the Doctor for lets say a Flu shot or a complicatedprocedure such as a triple coronary bypass surgery and the government willpick up the tab, because in co... ...that Communism is really not that bad if it is administered right.When I started to compare and criticize capitalism compared to Communism Ifound out that Capitalism is really a harsh form economic organization inwhich the people of a same race or country are forced to compete at everything they do. Not only that In a capitalism society many people how cant competein a Capitalistic society are thrown aside and labeled as bums but societydoesnt look to see what caused the problem and let these people spoil,because again in a capitalistic societ y only the strong survive. Overall my views of Capitalism are true meaning that I do believe inCapitalism, but inside of me I feel that a little bit of Communism mixedwith capitalism will make a perfect form of economic organization in whichthe whole of society benefits and moves forward.

Ron Howards, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Mental Illness

In Ron Howards work, A Beautiful Mind, depicts the veridical life cover of Professor John Nash and his struggle with paranoid Schizophrenia. The topic of moral illness has become popularized as of late, particularly in popular media (film, television). This focus on mental disorders has greatly improved awareness of mental disorders, but this media has become a double edged sword. The same process that educates people (ie these films and shows) can also circularize largely false or misleading information. In the film, both sides of this information distribution phenomena are expressed. To evaluate the effectiveness of the movie to accurately describe the accompaniment of paranoid Schizophrenia one must look at the accuracy of the onset, symptoms, and the treatment given to Dr. Nash. The inaugural area that must be analyzed in the assessment of the accuracy of paranoid Schizophrenia as shown in A Beautiful Mind is the onset and early development of symptoms. The onset of the dis ease has some(prenominal) factors to be evaluated. First, the bestride of onset, for Nash, is presumed to be early twenties (ie when he would be in graduate school). This age is in line with the current understanding of Schizophrenia. The age of onset is usually between late teens to early adulthood (although it can start later) which would be exactly the time which the film depicted Nash as first experiencing symptoms. Although it still travel in line with the diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia, it is important to note that the hallucinations that Nash experienced started occurring after he had graduated graduate school. The onset of symptoms also falls in line with a great increase in stress in his environment (joining graduate school and the quest for the unifying theory), w... ...on medicinal drug between his first and second hospitalizations, which is true. But, it also depicts him as being on new medication after he is released from the hospital the second time. This is not true, Nash truly rejected taking any medication after his second hospitalization and has been managing his symptoms since. The producers felt that this rejection of modern medicine would encourage more people to reject medication.To summarize, although the film of Nashs disorder differs on some points from clinical and practical reality, it does fairly accurately describe the symptoms and difficulties that someone who suffers from paranoid Schizophrenia would suffer from. In this particular instance, Hollywood did not butcher a disorder for their own gain, but one must always tread lightly when allowing artistic license of a real account or real disorder.

Essay --

1.0IntroductionDigital schooling in China defined as entropy or records that are created in digital device and environment, also in digital format used device such as computer for b opposite and process it (Liu, 2013). According to Voutssas (2012), digital preservation is the process of noticeing digital schooling using engineering science according to examineed policies and procedures as told by InterPARES (2006). National file away of China and Latin America faced several problems in order to establish long-term preservation of digital information. Preservation of digital information is unmatched of the activities that face with many problems than to print or other material format. The main problems are technological and economic that will influence the process of preserving digital information. For the technology obstacle, its related with the software, hardware, and also operating system that information may become unreachable and unfeasible and the follow use become hig h than others. long-run preservation means that preservation that establishes for long period of times and need extra costs and personnel. 2.0DiscussionThats important to preserve the digital information because to ensure that information still reliable and authentic for the future. This is because the information in archive has enduring value and act as evidence for some events. However, its not easy to preserve digital information because they need specialist to manage it and will face several problems.2.1CulturalCultural problem altogether about the awareness of people and institution in maintaining digital information by preserved them. Thats mean people in institution or organization in China and Latin America lack of awareness about the important of pre... ...need to think the ways to overcome the problems that exist while establish preservation for digital information or materials. The main problems that should be overcome are technology and cost problem. Thats problem rel ated each other because in order to preserve digital materials, they need to use technology and assure need expert people to manage technology that they use and the cost will high. Besides that, the government should establish policies and procedures and give penalties to whose not follow those policies in preserving digital materials. This is to ensure that the materials preserve in proper way and maintain for future generation and the authenticity of the information still exist. Emergency plan also need to prepare in order to prevent that digital information damage while disaster such as backup or make copies and store in other storage media.

student drug use in scottish university :: essays research papers

ResultsOnce each our interviews had concluded we re-wrote each(prenominal) the questions that we had asked our four respondents comparing them by using a table. From this it was easier to compare and contrast answers, assisting us in our search for re-occurring themes or major differences. For the purpose of anonymity the sample will be referred to as W, X, Y and Z.Themes and PatternsThere were a vast add up of themes and patterns that emerged during our analysis of the four interviews. Firstly, the living arrangements of our sample were similar. Three out of the four students had resided in the Stirling University Halls of Residence during first year and by third year all four were staying in privately rented occupation. Significantly the social habits of the four students were alike. Of the three students who stayed in Halls in first year all three went out on campus at least three or more nights per week. The attendance of nights out on campus fell to only two visits per semes ter for two of our sample, whilst the other kept to oftentimes the same pattern. All four of our sample attended the Fubar nightclub in Stirling town centre every Thursday. Respondent X was the only subject whom started university with all friends from back home. All traveled home regularly to see friends in first two years of university, with the exception of respondent Z who had a important distance to travel.Of our four respondents only subject Z had no previous experience with illicit drugs. All three of the respondents who had taken illicit drugs before introduction university had consumed cannabis and speed by the age of 16. Subject X had also taken solvents, magic mushrooms and acid before entering university. Respondent W had consumed all the afore-mentioned drugs before coming to university unless had also experimented with Valium and had smoked heroin. The location of drug consumption for all concerned was nearly always at parties or with older friends. Since entering Stirling University all four had experimented with ecstasy for the first time. Three of the four tried cocaine the first after entering university. The social screen background of ecstasy use was nearly always club and music based, whilst cocaine use appeared to be restricted to post-club parties with friends. All respondents had suspicions that their families were aware of their softer drug use but no one had actually been confronted on the subject.

Adhoc Networks Essay -- essays research papers

Reliable Broadcasting in Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworksABSTRACTIn a energetic ad-hoc network, providing a reliable broadcast is one of the most master(prenominal) requirements. In broadcasting, a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be executed much frequently in mobile ad-hoc networks MANETs. So the number of retransmissions in the broadcast has to be minimized. The reliable broadcast service ensures that all the hosts in the network recall the same set of messages to the upper layer. The protocols that are used in wired networks are unsuitable for deployment on MANETs, as these do not take into vizor the node mobility, network load and congestion. There have been a lot of protocols which are proposed for reliable broadcasting in MANETs. A straight forward bureau is by Simple Flooding 1, 2 which is very costly and very inefficient. The other protocols are Probability based methods 3, Area Based Methods 3 and Neighbor Knowledge Methods 4, 5, 6 and 7. Also, efficiency and reliability conflict with separately other. Hence it is hard to achieve both at a time with just one scheme. This paper entrust aim at proposing improvements for reliable broadcasting in MANETs.1.INTRODUCTIONThe drastic improvements in the wireless communications and portable wireless devices have made mobile computing a reality. Recently, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has attracted a lot of attention and research. MANETs are made of a group of independent mobile hosts which communicate with each other. A mobile host may not be able to communicate directly with all the other hosts. So, the packets traverse various intermediate nodes sooner reaching the destination. All the nodes in the network assist in routing. The ad-hoc networks are created dynamically on the fly. The hosts are allowed to move around in the network. Routing protocols in ad-hoc networks should propose means to deliver packets to destination nodes given t hese dynamic topologies.Applications of MANETs occur in battle-fields, major disaster and some business environments where networks need to be deployed immediately without each base stations or fixed networks. Broadcasting is process by which a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the entire network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be exe... ...-aodv-02.txt11 LANMAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Standard 802.11-1997, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical bed (PHY) specifications (November 1997).12 S. Ni, Y. Tseng, Y. Chen, and J. Sheu, The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network, Proc. of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM99, pp. 151162, Aug. 1999.13 M. Impett, M. S. Corson, and V. Park, A receiver-oriented approach to reliable broadcast ad hoc networks, Proc. of Wireless Communications and Networking assemblage (WCNC2000), vol. 1, pp. 117122, 2000.14 W. Peng and X. Lu. On the reduction of broadcast redundancy in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of MOBIHOC, 2000.15 W. Peng and X. Lu. Efficient broadcast in mobile ad hoc networks utilise connected dominating sets. Journal of Software - Beijing, China, 1999.16 S. Y. Cho, J. H. Sin, B. I. Mun. Reliable broadcast scheme initiated by receiver in ad hoc networks. LCN 03. Proceedings. 28th Annual IEEE International throng on20-24 Oct. 2003 Page(s)281 282.17 W. Lou and J. Wu. Double-covered broadcast (DCB) A simple reliable broadcast algorithm in manets. In IEEE Infocom, 2004.