Operating Systems Essay

Interfaces that are graphical in nature are known either as Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) or WIMP interfaces (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer). Typically, these types of interfaces are available in multi-programming environments or in applications software that involve a considerable degree of complexity. In a GUI, there are: A ‘window’ for each open application. Many windows can be open at the same time but only one window can be active at any one time. There may be some way of indicating which one is active (perhaps by making the bar at the top of the active window blue). Menus and icons. Available functions can be selected in one of two ways, either by using pop-up menus or drop-down menus, or clicking on ‘icons’. An icon is simply a small picture that represents a specific function- clicking on it selects that function.   A pointing device, usually a mouse but in certain circumstances a graphical tablet and pen can be used. These are used to make selections.   The use of the keyboard to navigate through the application is minimized because it is relatively time-consuming way of working.   Natural language. Natural language interfaces are those that allow the user to communicate in their native language, such as English. It allows the user to instruct the computer without need for a particular ‘syntax’. The system needs to be able both to interpret inputs in natural language from the user, and to act upon them, and, also preferably to generate natural language statements in response to user input. Sometimes it is also referred as a conversational interface. The questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. For example, imagine a user has initiated a ‘save file’ request. The ‘conversation’ might be: COMP:What’s the file name? USER: chapter1. txt COMP:what folder? USER: userguide COMP:File already exists. Overwrite? USER:Yes COMP: Done. This kind of interface can be found on data entry terminals and other types of dumb terminals connected to a network where non-experts users are guided through the complex tasks they need to perform by the computer.   Command line Command based interface is one where the user types a series of commands at the keyboard which tell the computer what their intentions are. It is also known as linguistic manipulation. The characteristics of a command based interface are   the user needs to know what commands are available   the user needs to understand the commands Characteristics of a command based interface 1) The system is very much more open than in the other types of interface. Other interfaces restrict the options that the user has available to them. This can be particularly important for the system manager because different users can only be allowed to have access to specific parts of the system. 2) Command based interfaces can only be used by computer literate people because the user need to understand the commands and their uses. 1. Define what is meant by the term operating system. (2) 2. Give two reasons why an operating system is likely to be stored on backing storage rather than in the memory of the computer. (2) 3. Distinguish between a multi-programming and a multi-access operating system. (2) 4. State what is meant by a distributed system, and give an advantage of this type of multi-access system over a simple network of machines. (2) 5. A computer operator takes phone calls from the public who ring up asking whether a particular item in a catalogue is available. The operator needs to type in a series of responses to questions put to the caller, so that the computer can check the file and determine whether there are any of that item available. Design a screen interface that would be suitable for the operator to use. (4) 6. The technician responsible for maintaining the system in question 5, uses a command line interface. a) Explain what is meant by a command line interface. (2) b) Give two advantages and one disadvantage to the technician of using a command line interface rather than a menu based interface. (3) Answers: 1 A. -A (suite of) programs†¦-which run the basic functions of the computer†¦ -giving an environment in which to run application software. A question which begins with the word define, leaves very little room for manoeuvre because it is asking for a standard answer. This is not an opportunity to show your prowess by making up an answer that is original- there aren’t any. Note, also, the fact that three answers have been given. Always try to give one more answer than seems to be required by the question. If you look at a mark scheme for an examination paper, the mark points are listed as a set of bullet points so there is no reason why you should not do the same. This style of answer helps you to write down your thoughts easily without getting confused by the language. The purpose of this examination is not to test your ability with English, rather to test your knowledge of computing. 2 A. – A full operating system requires a large amount of storage space that is better utilised in the computer memory for applications – Storage of the operating system on backing storage allows for easy upgrading or changing from one system to a different one. Note that the temptation to call the operating system the O. S. has been resisted in the answer. In general, do not use abbreviations in your answers. There are exceptions, where the abbreviation is the accepted form, but your own versions may be ambiguous or, even, not understood by the examiner. If you do need to use an abbreviation, because the term is to be used a number of times, give the term in full with the abbreviation that you want to use in brackets after it. For example, the first time that you use the term operating system write â€Å"†¦ operating system (OS)†¦ † you can then use OS as often as you like in the rest of your answer. 3. A. – A multi-programming operating system is one where the user of the machine is given the impression that they can carry out more than one task at a time. – A multi-access operating system is one where it is possible for more than one user to access the system apparently at the same time. Note that there are a large number of points that could have been made about both of these operating systems, but most of them would not answer the question. It is important when answering a question starting with ‘distinguish’ to choose facts that show a comparison. 4 A. – A distributed system is one which uses many storage locations on different machines to store software and files. – Access to files can be speeded up because more than one file command can be carried out at a time. When an advantage is asked for it is normal to state in the question, either explicitly or implicitly, with what the comparison should be made. Be careful to give an advantage using this comparison and not a more generalised one. 5 A. – Form type interface – Catalogue number – Space for the description of goods which will be filled in by the computer itself – Spaces for computer to produce availability and price – Laid out with spaces for input. What is just as important here are the things that would not be on the screen. The question makes it quite clear that there is no ordering going on, so spaces for name and address, or method of payment, are not only going to score no marks, but will probably be penalised because they demonstrate that the candidate has not understood the question. In this type of question it is important to demonstrate that you have taken the situation into account. 6 A. a)-Series of commands typed at a screen prompt†¦ -which give specific instructions to the computer. b)Advantages: -Entire system is available to the technician -Access to the particular part of the system required is gained more quickly than using other types of interface. Disadvantage: -The technician needs to know the commands that are available -The technician needs to understand the way the system is designed so that it can be navigated efficiently. Note. The language used in this answer is not the sort of language that a candidate will use in an examination. Don’t worry about this. Answers like â€Å"so that you can get around the system† are perfectly acceptable. System Software James Leong Mook Seng.

Present Perfect

Introduction The theme of the present paper is â€Å"The Present Perfect†. The main goal of the work is to identify the main features of the Present Perfect and to present the cases of its use, basing on the theoretical and scientific works of Russian, English linguists. The objectives of the work, in their turn, represent ascending steps to the main goal of the project: 1. to give the definition to the present perfect; 2. to present the ways of formation of the present perfect tense; 3. to investigate cases of its use in the sentence and in American and British English compare them ; 4. o draw the line of demarcation between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Simple Actuality of the work is the significance of the present perfect tense in the English language. That is a linguistic phenomenon, which exists not in every language and which is replaced by other tenses while translated into other languages appears to be one of the main constituents of English grammar. Nov elty of the paper lies in communicative approaches to linguistic analysis of the use of the present perfect tense aimed at acquiring the communicative competence.Theoretical value of the paper is based on the analyzed data taken from the works of American and English prominent linguists. Practical value of the work may be useful in practical grammar or in a daily use. The course paper consists of 4 parts; Introduction, Main Part, Conclusion and Bibliography. The Main Part consists of 2 chapters. Thus, Chapter I of the present paper is devoted to the general remarks the present perfect tense and comprises 3 points: 1. History of the Present Perfect Tense 2.The Formation of the Present Perfect 3. Differences between the Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect In this chapter we can find out general information about the origin of perfect tenses and the present perfect tense itself, and the ways of forming the present perfect, and the differences between the past simple and the present perfect in use. Chapter II includes 2 points: 1. The use of the Present Perfect in the sentence 2. Differences in use of the Present Perfect in American and British English.This chapter is devoted to the practical side of the work. We investigate the use of the present perfect in the sentence and the differences of the use of the present perfect in American and British English. Chapter Two can be interesting with the presentation of peculiar characteristics of the use of the present perfect of two main trends of English: American and British English. The reason I chose the theme â€Å"The Present Perfect† was the situation of not having this tense in the for us familiar languages: Russian and Kyrgyz.The Past Simple and The Present Perfect are replaced by only one tense in Russian called â€Å" †. The nature of this tense seems to be familiar for the learners of English at first sight, but there are many exceptions and special cases of their use. CHAPTER I: What the Pr esent Perfect Tense is 1. 1 History of Perfect Tenses and the Present Perfect The Present Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite and the participle of the notional verb (e. g. I have worked. He has worked, etc. The word â€Å"perfect† in the name came from a Latin root referring to the idea of completion—of being now finished—rather than to perfection in the sense of â€Å"no flaws† (although the latter sense of â€Å"perfect† actually evolved by extension from the former, because something [for example, a drawing or a piece of pottery] is finished when it no longer has any flaws). So perfect tenses were named thus because of the idea that (in some uses in some languages, at least) they referred to actions that were finished with respect to the present (for example, â€Å"I have eaten all the bread† involves a sense of finality).However, as seen above, the name is a mi snomer in the sense that not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion. In Old English the verb to have, used as the predicate in the sentence, was sometimes followed by direct object with participle II of a transitive verb attached to it on the function of a predicative adjective. The participle agreed in number, gender, case with the direct object. He has that book written= . As the state of the object ( written) was the result of the accomplished action, the mind of the speaker began to be interested in he action. The construction did not show whether the action expressed by participle II was performed by the subject of the sentence or by some other agent. It was from constructions where the subject of the sentence was the doer of the action denoted by the past participle, that the modern English perfect form developed. The participle lost its form of agreement with the noun-object and changing its place (He has written), became closely connected with the verb to have. Both elements lost their independent meaning and merged into one sense unit –the analytical form of the Modern English Perfect.He has written that book – the action of writing is accomplished by him at present and as a result of it the book is in a written state. Thus, what was originally a free syntactical combination has now turned into an analytical tense form. Such constructions, in which the doer of the action expressed by the participle was not the subject of the sentence, have still survived in Modern English as free syntactical combinations: He had three horses killed under him. I have my dress made here. Killed and made are still predictive adjectives to the direct object horses and dress.In construction with the verb to be, participle II of an intransitive verb was used as the predicative to the subject with which agreed in number, gender and case, and the verb to be had the function of a link-verb in a compound-nominal predicate: He i s ? ecumen = O? . When to have and to be –forms turned into perfect, the verb to have began gradually to be used as an auxiliary verb with both transitive and intransitive verbs: I have seen her. I have come. As a survival of the old constriction, to be is still used when the state is stressed: May Fielding was already come; and so was her mother. Dickens) When he was gone, my mother asked me all about the day I had had†¦ (Dickens)He is gone to the Leas†¦ (Bronte) The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is â€Å"I have eaten† (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in â€Å"I have been eating† or â€Å"I have lived here for five years. The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is form ed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is always to have. * I have eaten * You have gone * He has arrived In many other European languages, the equivalent of to have (e. g. , German haben, French avoir) is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However, the equivalent of to be (e. g. German sein, French etre) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages such as German, Dutch, French, and Italian (but not Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that take to be as auxiliary are intransitive verbs denoting motion or change of state (e. g. , to arrive, to go, to fall). In many European languages, including standard German, French and Italian, the present perfect verb form usually does not convey perfect aspect, but rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the simple past (i. . preterite) in sp oken language, and the simple past is now really only used in formal written language and literature. In standard English, Spanish, and Portuguese, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect) and simple past (perfective aspect) are kept distinct. The Present Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb 1. The formation of the Present Perfect 1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. 2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. Affirmative| Interrogative| Negative| I have workedHe has workedShe has workedWe have workedYou have workedThey have worked| Have I worked? Has h e worked? Has she worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? I have not workedHe has not workedShe has not workedWe have not workedYou have not workedThey have not worked| 3. The contracted affirmative forms are: I’ve worked He’s worked You’ve worked The contracted negative forms are: I haven’t worked He hasn’t worked You haven’t worked 4. The negative-interrogative forms are: Has she not worked? Hasn’t she worked? Have you not worked? Haven’t you worked? 1. 3 Differences in between the Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect It follows from the rules above that the Present Perfect is not used when there is an indication of past time in the sentence.It is the Past Indefinite that is used in this case because the mention of the definite past time ties the action to the past- time sphere as it were, and it cannot break through to the present. e. g. â€Å"Put on your clothes at once and come with me. † †Å"But what is it? Has something happened? † â€Å"I'm afraid so. Your husband was taken ill this afternoon. † â€Å"M. Poirot, you have no idea of what I have gone through. † â€Å"I know your wife died just over a year ago. † Similarly, it is the Past Indefinite that is used in questions introduced by when. e. g.When did you actually arrive? When did you change your mind? The Past Indefinite is also used in special questions beginning with where and how when they refer to the past events. The Present Perfect is not common here because the attention in such sentences is drawn to the circumstances of the action rather than to the occurrence itself, which means that the speaker has a definite action in mind. e. g. â€Å"Where did your uncle receive his guests? † â€Å"Right here. † â€Å"How did he get in? † I asked, and Evans said, â€Å"Oh, he has a key. † â€Å"Where is my hat?Where did I leave my hat? † Note. The questi on Where have you been? can be asked of the person who has just come. e. g. ‘Hello, Mum. I'm sorry I'm late† â€Å"Where have you been? † In all other cases it should be Where were you! e. g. â€Å"Did the party go off nicely? † â€Å"I don't know. I wasn't there. † â€Å"Where were you? ‘ In special questions beginning with interrogative words other than those mentioned above (e. g. who, what, why, what †¦ for and other), both the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are possible. The choice depends on the meaning to be conveyed.If reference is made to an action which is past or definite in the minds of the people speaking, or if there is a change of scene, the Past In definite is used; if reference is made to an action which is still valid as part of the present situation, the Present Perfect should be used. e. g. â€Å"What have I done against you? † she burst out defiantly. â€Å"Nothing. † â€Å"Then why can't we ge t on? † â€Å"I know she gave him a good scolding. † â€Å"What did he do? † Looking up at her he said: â€Å"Dorothy's gone to a garden party. † â€Å"I know. Why haven't you gone too? Why didn't you speak to my father yourself on the boat? Note 1. As to general questions, the Present Perfect as well as the Past Indefinite may be found in them because they may inquire either about new facts which are important for the present or about events that are definite in the mind of the speaker. Note 2. In the following example the verb to be is used in the meaning ‘to visit', ‘to go'. Hence it takes the preposition to after it. It is noteworthy that to be acquires this meaning only if used in the Present Perfect or the Past Perfect. e. g.Renny said: â€Å"He has been to Ireland too† â€Å"Have you been to a symphony concert? † he continued. Note 3. The combination has/have got may be used as the Present Perfect of the verb to get (which is not very common, though). e. g. I don't know what's got into Steven today. He has got into financial difficulties and needs cash. But it is often used as a set phrase which has two different meanings  Ã¢â‚¬â€ ‘to possess' (a) and ‘to be obliged' (b). e. g. a) â€Å"Have you got a telephone? † she looked round the room. â€Å"I don't think we've got any choice,† said Francis, ) â€Å"No† he said loudly, â€Å"there are some risks you've got to take. † â€Å"It doesn't matter what caused it,† said Martin. â€Å"We have got to take the consequences† In this case the time reference also changes  Ã¢â‚¬â€ has/have got is the Present Perfect only in form; it actually indicates a present state of things. Note 4. She is gone is a survival of the old Present Perfect which was formed with certain verbs by means of the auxiliary to be. In present-day English it is to be treated as a set phrase meaning ‘she is not here any lon ger'. CHAPTER II : The Use of the Present Perfect . 1 The use of the Present Perfect in the Sentence The Present Perfect falls within the time sphere of the , present and is not used in narration where reference is made to past events. It follows from that that the Present Perfect is used in present-time contexts, i. e. conversations, newspaper and radio reports, lectures and letters. The Present Perfect has three distinct uses. They will be further referred to as Present Perfect I, Present Perfect II and Present Perfect III. 1) Present Perfect I is the Present Perfect proper.It is used to express an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention in this case is centred on the action itself. The circumstances under which the action occurred appear unimportant and immaterial at the moment and need not be mentioned. e. g. He is very sensitive, I have discovered that. I've had a talk with him. He says he has all the proof he wants. Such news! We've bought a racehorse. â€Å"I've spoiled everything,† she said. His secretary said tactfully: â€Å"I've put off your other appoint- ments for a while. It should be especially noted that though the action expressed in the Present Perfect is regarded as already accomplished, it belongs to the present-time sphere and is treated as a present action. It becomes obvious from the periphrasis: I've heard the doctor's opinion —> I know the doctor's opinion. She's gone off to the woods —> She is in the woods. A similar idea of an accomplished action is also traced in such expressions referring to the present as He is awake. I'm late. The work is done. The door is locked, etc.Since it is the action itself that the Present Perfect makes im- portant, it is frequently used to open up conversations (newspaper and radio reports, or letters) or to introduce a new topic in them. However, if the conversation (report or letter) continues on the same subject, going into detail, the Present Perfect usually changes to the Past Indefinite, as the latter is used to refer to actions or sit- uations which are definite in the mind of the speaker. Usually (but not necessarily) some concrete circumstances of the action (time, place, cause, purpose, manner, etc. are mentioned in this case. e. g. â€Å"You are all right. You are coming round. Are you feeling better? † â€Å"I'm quite all right. But what has happened? Where am I? † â€Å"You're in a dug-out, You were buried by a bomb from a trench-mortar. † â€Å"Oh, was I? But how did I get here? † â€Å"Someone dragged you. I am afraid some of your men were killed, and several others were wounded. † â€Å"Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat, Where have you been? † â€Å"I've been to London To look at the Queen. † â€Å"What did you see there? † â€Å"I saw a little mouse Under her chair. â€Å"As is seen from the above examples, the Present Perfect is us ed to name a new action, whereas the Past Indefinite is used to refer back to a definite action and the attention in this case is often drawn rather to the circumstances attending the action than to the action itself. Note. The functions of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite may be in a way compared with those of the indefinite and the definite articles. The indefinite article is used when an object is just named (e. g. Glue me a book. She is a teacher. I have a brother).Likewise the Present Perfect serves to name an accomplished action (see the examples above). Both the definite article and the Past Indefinite are used when an object or an action, respectively, is definite in the mind of the speaker (e. g. The book is on the table. The teacher returned the compositions,) As has been said, Present Perfect I is mainly used to introduce a new topic. But it may also be used to sum up a situation. e. g. â€Å"I've done bad things,† I said, â€Å"but I don't think I coul d have done some of the things you've done. † â€Å"You've so often been helpful in the past. â€Å"I've tried,† said Joseph. We've all been young once, you know. We've all felt it, Roy. â€Å"I'm afraid I've been horribly boring and talked too much,† she said as she pressed my hand. â€Å"Agatha has told me everything. How cleverly you have both kept your secret,† â€Å"You and your wife have been very good to me. Thank you. † In accordance with its main function  Ã¢â‚¬â€ just to name an accomplished action  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the Present Perfect is generally used when [the time of the action is not given. e. g. He sat down. â€Å"You have not changed,† he said. â€Å"No? What have you come for? † â€Å"To discuss things. â€Å"Mr has told me such wonderful things about you. Walter. † â€Å"I haven't thought about it,† she returned. However, sometimes, even though there may be no indication of past time in the sentence, th e Present Perfect cannot be used because reference is made to happenings which are definite in the mind of the speaker (either because the action has already been mentioned or because the situation is very well known to the listener). In this case the use of the Past Indefinite is very common. e. g. Did you sleep well? I didn't understand you. Did you enjoy the play?Did you have a good journey Did you like the book? (trip, ride, flight, day, time)? What did you say? Did you see the accident? Did you hear what he said? I'm sorry I lost my temper. I didn't hear your question. It is possible, however, to use the Present Perfect when there is an adverbial modifier of time in the sentence that denotes a period of time which is not over yet, e. g. today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, etc. e. g. What Rosanna has done tonight is clear enough, (Tonight is not over yet. ) This year we have taken only one assistant. (This year is not over. I have had only one new dress this s ummer,† exclaimed June. (This summer is not over yet. ) Conversely, if the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that period, the Past Indefinite is used. e. g. â€Å"Did you see the letter in the â€Å"Times† this morning? (It is no longer morning. ) â€Å"No. I haven't had time to look at a paper today,† (Today is not over yet. ) â€Å"Whom do you think I passed in Richmond Park today! † (Today is not over, but the action took place at a particular point of time within today, namely when the person was in Richmond Park. â€Å"I wasn't very well this morning, but I'm perfectly all right now. † (This morning is over. ) Note. It should be noted that sometimes an adverbial modifier of place points to a past period of time. e. g. Did you see him at the theatre? (= when you were at the theatre) I ran into her in Oxford Street. (= when I was in Oxford Street) The Present Perfect may be found with certain adverbs o f indefinite time and frequency such as just (‘ '), not †¦ yet, already, before, always, ever, never, often, seldom, recently, late ly, of late, etc. e. g. She's just missed being run over.I haven't even had coffee yet. He has never made a sixpence by any of his books. Have you heard of him lately? â€Å"What is the point? † â€Å"I've made it clear enough before. † However, the use of the Present Perfect is by no means obligatory with the above mentioned adverbs, because any other finite form may be used with these adverbs if it is required by the situation. e. g. He was studying to be a pianist, but he never touches the piano now. He noticed that the leaves of the chestnut were already beginning to turn yellow and brown. His room was not yet furnished, and he liked it to remain empty. Note 1.Note the use of the Past Indefinite with just now. e. g. I told you just now I had never had time for much fun. Note 2. Russian students of English, under the influenc e of the Russian language, tend to use the adverb already nearly in every sentence containing the Present Perfect. That is not characteristic of the English language as it is sufficient to use the Present Perfect alone to express an accomplished action. The addition of already appears redundant in many cases. Present Perfect II serves to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it.This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Present Perfect Continuous. However, the Present Perfect Non-Continuous is found in the following cases: a)Its use is compulsory with stative verbs. e. g. I've known the young lady all her life. I've loved her since she was a child. â€Å"But we've been in conference for two hours,† he said. â€Å"It's time we had a tea break. † b)With some dynamic verbs of durative meaning the Present Perfect is sometimes used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous with little difference in meaning. e. g. â€Å"It's a pretty room, isn't it? â€Å"I've slept in it for fifteen years. † â€Å"I'm glad to meet you,† he said. â€Å"I've waited a long while and began to be afraid I'd not have the opportunity. † He's looked after Miss Gregg for many years now. As to terminative verbs, they can only have the meaning of Present Perfect I and never of Present Perfect II. Since it is often difficult to draw the line between durative and terminative verbs, it is recommended that students of English should use the Present Perfect Continuous with all dynamic verbs to express an action begun in the past and continued into the present. )The Present Perfect is preferred to the Present Perfect Continuous in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is completely negated. e. g. â€Å"Shall we sit down a little? We haven't sat here for ages. † â€Å"I was just having a look at the paper,† he said. â€Å"I haven't read the paper for the last two days. â⠂¬  â€Å"She hasn't written to me for a year,† said Roy. It is noteworthy that Present Perfect II is associated with certain time indications  Ã¢â‚¬â€ either the whole period of the duration of the action is marked or its starting point.In the former case we find different time indications. Some expressions are introduced by the preposition for and sometimes in (e. g. for an hour, for many years, for the last few days, for a long time, for so long, for ages, in years, in a long while, etc. )- Other expressions have no prepositions (e. g. these three years, all this week, all along, so long, all oneys life, etc. ). e. g. The picture has been mine for years and years. I've felt differently about him for some time. â€Å"Why haven't I seen you all these months? † said Hankins.We haven't had any fun in a long while. I've wanted to go to the sea all my life. The starting point of the action is indicated by the adverb since, a prepositional phrase with since or a clause introduced by the conjunction since. e. g. â€Å"But, Dinny, when did you meet him? † â€Å"Only ten days ago, but I've seen him every day since. † The sun has been in the room since the morning. But she has seemed so much better since you started the injections. In the clause introduced by since the Past Indefinite is used to indicate the starting point of an action.However, we sometimes find in both parts of such complex sentences two parallel actions which began at the same time in the past and continue into the present. In this case the Present Perfect is used in both clauses, e. g. I've loved you since I've known you. It should be noted that the indication of time is indispensable to Present Perfect II because otherwise its meaning in most cases would be changed. It would come to denote an accomplished action which is part of the present situation. Cf. I've been taught to do it for three years. I have been taught to do it. But we met him here about a month ago.We haven't heard from him since. We haven't heard from him. Care should be taken to distinguish between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite when the period of duration is expressed by a prepositional phrase with for. If the period of duration belongs to the past time sphere, the Past Indefinite should be used. It is only if the period of duration comes close to the moment of speaking or includes it that the Present Perfect is used. Cf. â€Å"I have lived like this,† he said, â€Å"for two years, and I can't stand it anymore. † â€Å"I teach History at a secondary school.I went to the University here for four years and got a degree. † The same is true of questions beginning with how long. â€Å"Are you married? † â€Å"Yes. † â€Å"How long have you been married? † â€Å"Are you married? † â€Å"No. I'm divorced. † â€Å"How long were you married? † 3) Present Perfect III is found in adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions when, before, after, as soon as, till and until where it is used to express a future action. It shows that the action of the subordinate clause will be accomplished before the action of the principal clause (which is usually expressed by the Future Indefinite).This use of the Present Perfect is structurally dependent as it is restricted only to the above mentioned type of clauses. e. g. â€Å"You'll find,† said Fred, â€Å"that you'll long for home when you have left it. † As soon as we have had some tea, Ann, we shall go to inspect your house. I'll take you back in my car but not till I've made you some coffee. Sometimes the Present Indefinite is found in this type of clauses in the same meaning as the Present Perfect. The choice of the form depends on the lexical meaning of the verb. With durative verbs the Present Perfect is necessary. e. g. When you have had your tea, we'll see about it.I can tell you whether the machine is good or bad when I have tried it. With terminative verbs the use of both forms is possible, Cf. He says when he retires he'll grow roses. When I've finished this I must go and put the baby to bed. Mother will stay at home until we return. â€Å"Your mother wouldn't like me. † â€Å"You can't possibly say that until you've met her. † 2. 2 Differences in Use of the Present Perfect in American and British English In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment.For example: I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English the following is also possible: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: I've just had lunch I've already seen that film Have you finished your homework yet? American English:I just had lunch OR I've just had lunch I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film. Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present. However, most Americans have a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. For example, the British will say â€Å"have you had breakfast this morning,† but Americans will often say â€Å"did you have breakfast this morning. There is no difference in grammar; the difference is in the fact that Americans often think of the morning as being past history, whereas the British tend to see breakfast as still being part of the day, at least for a longer time than Americans do. Both groups use the past simple to describe things that they perceive to be unconnected with the present, and both groups use the present perfect to describe things that they perceive to be connected with the present. The difference is in the perception, not the grammar.Some Americans may well use the present perfect, if that's how they perceive the action in question. Conversely, some British speakers may use the past simple, if they think of the action in question as being isolated in the past. The important thing to remember is that, in many expressions, the choice between present perfect and past simple depends solely on what the speaker has in mind. If the speaker perceives something as being completely finished and unconnected to the present, he'll use the past simple; if he still sees some sort of connection to the present, he'll use the present perfect.Two different people talking about the exact same thing may choose to use two different tenses to describe it. There are some cases in which one tense or the other is gramatically necessary, of course, but there are many cases in which both are acceptable. If you specify a particular time in the past, for example, you normally use the past simple (â€Å"I did it yesterday†). And if you say â€Å"I've lived here for a year,† the implication is that you still live here, whereas if you say â€Å"I lived here for ayear,† the implication is that you no longer live here.Similarly, if a woman says â€Å"I've had two children,† things are going well, but if she says â€Å"I had two children,† it might be a good idea to change the subject. The distinction between present perfect and past simple is difficult to explain in terms of rules because the rules are quite complex. I usually explain it in terms of the speaker's perceptions and via specific examples that illustrate the different ways in which the tenses can be contrasted. If someone says â€Å"John went to the movie,† it tells me several things. It tells me that John is not with the speaker, for example.It implies that the speaker probably does not expect to encounter John while he is at the movie. It implies that nothing the speaker is doing right now is connected to John's trip to the movie. If someone says â€Å"John has gone to the movie,† that, too, tells me several things. It implies that John's trip to the movie is recent. It implies that something about John's action is connected to some present state or action in the speaker's mind (for example, she may be planning to join him, or she may be describing the reason for his absence in the present, as when answering the telephone).In many cases, the choice between the two is almost arbitrary. In isolation, the present perfect sounds more recent, and/or implies that something may have happened more than once in the past, and implies a connection with the present somehow, but in many contexts these distinctions are unimportant. If someone answers the phone and is asked about John, she wi ll probably say â€Å"He has gone to the movie,† but she might also very well say â€Å"He went to the movie,† particularly if she is American (Americans have a narrower perception of â€Å"present time† than do many other English speakers).Conclusion After investigation of the theme â€Å"The Present Perfect Tense† I came to the conclusion that although the perfect tenses are called as the secondary tenses in the works of Russian scientists Ganshina and Vasilevskaya, it appears to be one of the main and indispensable constituents of the English language tense form. Every action leads to the results. Without results the action is not valuable. So the essence of using the perfect tenses is in expressing the results, consequences and the level of accomplishment and duration of the action.The present perfect tense and its use follow the learners of the English language from the first stage of the learning and of a great importance on the same level as the ve rb ‘to be’ or there is/ there are constructions. So, on the basis of the theoretical and practical investigation of the use of perfect tenses in the works of prominent Russian and English scientists and within American and British fiction conforming to the examined theory, we have reached the following results of the research work: The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the ast or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb. The Present Perfect is used in the following cases: 1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present. 2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. 3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the pas t, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite. In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: I've lost my key.In American English the following is also possible: I lost my key. In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: I've just had lunch American English: I just had lunch OR I've just had l unch American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present.However, most Americans have a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. Bibliography 1. ?. ?. , , , 1968, 227 . 2. ?. ?. , A Grammar of Present Day, ,  «Ã‚ »,1990, 100 . 3. Greenbaum Sidney, Oxford English Grammar, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 652 p. 4. Greenbaum Sidney, Quirk R. , Leech G. , Svartvik J, A University Grammar of English, Moscow, 1982, p. 158 5. Newsperson Otto, University of Grammar, Chicago and London, The

The Castle Creative Writing

I walked down the narrow, moonlight lane on my way to the park. I was meeting Summer, Leon and Tiffany. It was really cold and it was beginning to get dark. I felt nervous walking down the lane as there were no lights. Eventually I got to the end of the lane and as I turned the corner I could see the park in the distance. I could hear summer laughing like a hyena. I carried on walking. Leon was shining the bright torch in my face. My eyes stung and I grabbed the torch from his plump, sticky hand. He grabbed it back holding it in one hand while holding a chocolate bar in the other. I explained why I was so late and asked what they were planning to do now that I had arrived. â€Å"We have just been playing dares and Tiffany dared one of us to go in the castle up on the hill at Florence's Gardens, but we're all scared!† explained Summer. She continued, â€Å"Why don't you go in there, Ryan?† Ryan, look ever so slightly scared, refused outright reminding us of all the stories about that castle, especially the one about the boy who went in almost twenty years ago and still hasn't been found. â€Å"Oh, they're just myths and rumours, you're not telling me you actually believe them, are you?† said Summer. â€Å"Well if you don't believe them, then you go in there, as you're so sure they're not true!† I shouted. Summer's smile dropped which made me wonder if she might be beginning to regret what she had just said, but Summer isn't the type of person to back down from a dare so she replied, â€Å"Fine, I will then. I'll prove to you it's all lies.† The castle was tall up on the hill overlooking long stretches of green fields. The walls of the castle were jet black and looked dull and dreary. Some of the windows were smashed and through them it was possible to see a glimpse of the dirty looking rooms inside, which were covered in dust and cobwebs. We began to make our way up the hill. By now it was pitch black and we were all extremely cold. The wind was blowing and the leaves on the trees were rustling and the wind gushed past. I was starting to feel scared. I could sense a creepy atmosphere around the castle; it reminded me of something out of a scary movie. I was beginning to think that I would prefer to be back at home, snuggled up in bed with a warm cup of hot chocolate. I don't know if the others felt the same but I definitely didn't want them to think I was scared so I just kept my feelings to myself and kept walking up the hill towards the castle. When we finally reached the huge wooden door Leon turned to Summer and pointed at it. â€Å"Go on then. If you're so brave, you go in there and come back and tell us what you find.† â€Å"Ok,† she whispered. There was a slight tremble in her voice, even though on the outside she was trying to look confident. As she gently pushed the door open, it creaked loudly. She turned back. Tiffany pushed her forward. â€Å"Go on!† she shouted. Summer turned back and began to make her entrance into the castle. Leon, Tiffany and I looked at one another. We stood in silence listening while we could hear Summer's footsteps as she journeyed further into the castle. The footsteps faded and Tiffany began to laugh. â€Å"I can't believe she is actually in there. I though that when we got here she would change her mind!† â€Å"Me, too,† agreed Leon. We sat down on the damp grass and began to discuss what we all thought Summer would find in there. All caught up in our conversation, we didn't realise how long she had been gone when we heard a long, high pitched scream. We all jumped up. Tiffany had a look of horror on her now pale face. â€Å"What's happened?† Leon exclaimed. I began to shout Summer's name hoping, that she would shout back, laughing, saying she was winding us up, and just trying to scare us. But there was no reply. â€Å"We should never have let her go in there.† I began to say. â€Å"I wonder if she's ok?† â€Å"One of us has to go in there,† said Tiffany sternly. â€Å"We have to go and rescue her. She is obviously in trouble.† Leon looked brave and agreed that he would go in and find Summer. I was extremely scared and nervous as I watched Leon go in the same door as Summer had gone in around half an hour ago. But I knew we had to do something, we couldn't just leave Summer in there. I know it was selfish but at that moment I just thought how glad I was that it was Leon going into the castle and not me. The next 10 minutes passed. Nothing. Leon and Summer were now in the house and neither Tiffany or I knew what was going on or if they were alright. â€Å"We've got to go in there!† whispered Tiffany. â€Å"Give it another 5 minutes† I began. But before I could even finish my sentence, she was running towards the doors and into the castle. I hesitated. I was so nervous it was unbelievable. I was shaking – I don't know whether it was because of the ice cold weather or because I was so scared, but I knew no matter how frightened I was I had to go in there. I slowly pushed open the door and peeked inside. It was pitch black. All I could see were the flickering lights ahead at the end of the long straight corridor that I was approaching. I slowly and carefully made my way towards the light. When I finally arrived at the end of the creepy corridor I was faced with two doors. One on my right and the other on the left. I went with my first instinct and choose the door on my right. I quietly pushed the door open and stepped through. It was another long corridor. There were cobwebs all over the place. Dust covered the dirty walls and carpet. I walked down the second corridor. Palms sweating with the fear of not knowing if I was going to get out of this castle alive. But I knew I couldn't go back now and I just had to keep walking. I must have only been walking for a minute or so, but it seemed like forever, when I caught a glimpse of another door ahead. As I approached it, so many thoughts were running through my head of what could be behind it. I hesitated for a second, then reached out to the door and pushed it hard. I was shocked when I saw darkness and felt a bitter cold come over me. I was in the outside world again! Suddenly, I heard a crash as the door slammed loudly behind me. I turned around and it was then I noticed that I was standing right where I was standing before I went in the castle and the door I came out of was the door I went in. I felt relieved and safe but then it dawned on me that I was alone. I still didn't know where the others were. They weren't anywhere around. I thought for a moment and came to the conclusion that they must still be in the house. Then I remembered there had been 2 doors when I had come to the end of the first corridor. They must have gone into the door on the left whereas I had chosen the door on the right. I had to go back and go through the door and try and find them, but as I tugged on the door handle to enter the castle for the second time something was wrong. The door was jammed. I pulled harder and harder on the door handle but it wouldn't budge. It's now a week on and I haven't seen my friends since. I hate thinking that they are going to be stuck in that castle for the rest of there lives – if they even are still alive.

Traveling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traveling - Essay Example In this way, these benefits will be defined as the following: the means by which travel helps the individual to experience the world, the means by which travel allows for an interaction of new ideas/languages/people, and the means by which travel helps the individual traveler to bring back many of the ideas and understandings that they gain to their home. Firstly, although it is obvious that travel allows the individual to experience the world, this experience is ultimately extraordinarily useful due to the fact that it is almost always different than what the person might see within their own geographic region. The differential and experience that exists within travel allows the individual to not only have a relaxing and leisure time, it also allows them to spend some time considering why and how their particular experience is different from the one that they would have had if they stayed at home. Oftentimes, the differences in places and locations allows the traveler to interact with new ideas, new people, new cultures, and sometimes new languages. By interacting with all of these aspects, the traveler becomes more educated, more aware, and more cosmopolitan (Ahn 44). This level of worldliness helps the traveler to return to his or her original city or town and realize that key differences, sometimes good sometimes bad, exists. Finally, through an understanding of these differences that has been described in the preceding section the traveler can oftentimes bring back home many of the ideas that they were exposed to during their travels (BÃ ¶rjesson 674). Due to the fact that no particular culture or nation is completely right or has found the best way to live life, many of these cultural and sociological interpretations of personal interaction, culture, religion, politics, and philosophy can be useful in helping to define the world in which the traveler interacts with at his/her home (Metz 322). In

Kathryn Bigelow Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kathryn Bigelow - Movie Review Example The first film, titled â€Å"The Loveless†, was directed in 1982 proved to be a debutorial success few others have achieved in their careers. Further along her career, she continued to produce box office hits. She directed and produced blockbusters including ‘Blue Steel’, of 1989, ‘Hurt Locker’ 2008, and her most recent movie, which she produced and directed, ‘Zero Dark Thirty†, 2012. All three movies will be discussed within this paper. Sean Redmond and Deborah Jermyn in the book â€Å"The Cinema of Kathryn Bigelow Hollywood Transgressor† have mentioned that Kathryn Bigelow is an auteur, meaning she has a distinct style, which reflects in her movies. Despite the fact that some critics claim that Bigelow does not have a distinct style owing to the fact that she has produced and directed a wide range of movies. They claim that Bigelow’s expertise lies in the fact that she refuses to be categorized. However, even so, this is true about Bigelow’s movies that they are mostly feminist, supporting the women strength. For instance, in the movie Blue Steel, released in 1989, the main character is a female. Played by James Lee Curtis, the character of Megan Turner is that of a rookie cop, who kills a criminal on her first night on duty. Things don’t go as smooth after that since she gets suspended by her superiors because of lack of evidence in her favor, and is accused of murder. Later in the movi e, when she gets her badge back for a spcial case, she bravely struggles, and at last successfully brings the criminal, her own ex-boyfriend, Eugene Hunt (Ron Silver) to justice, with a lot of hard work. In this film, Bigelow shows Megan as a very strong female, a very determinant police officer, reflecting Bigelow’s own feminist views. Megan’s character defies the ordinary and takes assertive decisions that go against the traditional view of femininity. Being a strong supporter of female independence, Bigelow’s personal views do indeed come out in the movie Blue Steel. This depiction of strong females and a reversal of gender roles is not merely a coincidence restricted to Blue Steel. Kathryn Bigelow’s latest movie, Zero Dark Thirty hit the box office in 2012. Turning out to be an amazing hit, the movie not only became very popular, but also served to reflect the Feminist views of its Producer/Director – Kathryn Bigelow, to a great extent. Zero Dark Thirty is a brilliantly directed fictionalized account about the search for Osama bin Laden, that started since the fateful attack of 9/11 on the World Trade Center in New York – an event that c hanged the lives of many. The movie revolves around the very same incident. Although the film is about three Central intelligence agency officers working together, the director Bigelow only shows one character very closely, who is Maya (Jessica Chastain), a female. Putting the female character in the lead role speaks of Bigelow’s determinacy to see women in a league apart and above that of men. In the film, Maya helps carry out cruel and violent interrogations of detainees – in a manner unlike that of a lady. She is a very strong and powerful character. According to Kathryn Bigelow’s own words, â€Å"the Film is obviously about a woman†. These words were spoken in a speech that has been hailed by critics as one of an overtly feminist view,

Security analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security analysis - Essay Example Consequently, more fund managers from the United Kingdom have made efforts to invest in China since its economic growth rate is significantly higher compared to other countries in the world. It is imperative to note that investment fund managers are driven by the potential rate of return from a given region, and this is the motivating factor for choosing an investment destination. Advantages of Investing in China One of the advantages of investing in China is the magnitude presented in the potential of its market. Foreign ventures and businesses set up investments in order to serve a local market. The market size and growth rate opportunities are some of the key factors in the determination of an investment destination. Essentially, investors target unexploited markets that are of a significant size with potential for growth. Therefore, countries that have large markets and growth potential are viable investment destinations. The Chinese population of over one billion people offers a large market for any industrial products (Malkiel et al., 2010). In fact, the huge population has a great consumption potential that can be harnessed for business gain. In the recent past, the purchasing power of the Chinese population has also increased significantly, scaling up the uptake of goods and services. Therefore, the large population of the Chinese region attracts fund managers to invest in the region due to the potentially huge market that population offers. Imperatively, China is a prime location for any investor to pump financial resources into as the prospect of getting a market for the goods and services produced is high. The infrastructural development of a region has an influence on the economic growth of the place. The availability of roads, waterways and other forms of transport is a critical consideration in the evaluation of an investment destination. The Chinese administration has made significant investments in the transport infrastructure. In fact, popular investment destinations in China such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have a world class transport infrastructure that offers a great environment for investment (Buckley, Wang & Clegg, 2006 p. 145). The availability of resources is an important factor in the selection of an investment destination. Human resource is a significant factor of production for any economic activity. The large Chinese population offers a huge pool of labor force that can be harnessed for economic production. The large population in China also implies that the cost of labor is significantly lower compared to other regions. One of the principles of business investment is the minimization of cost. The relatively low cost of labor in China makes the cost of business operations less than in countries in the European Union (Eichengreen & Tong, 2006). Hence, low costs of operations can offer a business an opportunity to obtain more profits in the long run. China also has substantial natural resources. Industria l production and manufacturing rely on natural resources to produce goods and products. China has its own oil reserves as well as the largest coal deposits on the globe. The supply of electric power is sufficient and affordable. It should be noted that the country has minerals and land which can be harnessed for economic gain. China has adopted policies that encourage openness to international trade as well as easy access to internation

Ankle syndesmotic injuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Ankle syndesmotic injuries - Research Paper Example Ankle syndesmosis injuries are not very common disruptions. Most of the time, rupture in the syndesmosis is seen in the deltoid ligament injury and fractures in the malleoli (Chow, p. 663). Such contributory related injuries lead to a higher possibility of syndesmosis involvement based on the understanding of the mechanism of injury (Chow, p. 663). However, ankle sprains with possible syndesmosis injuries can lead to a longer period of recovery from initial mild injuries. With better detection and early recognition methods, early detection may lead to improved outcomes of treatment. In understanding ankle syndesmosis injuries, there is a need to review the anatomical relationships in the ankle area. There are three separate ligaments in the distal tibiofibular sydesmosis, namely, the anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL), the posterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL), and the interosseous ligament. Syndesmosis injury is seen with the â€Å"external rotation of the foot that causes a diastasis of the tibiofibular joint due to pressure exerted by the talus† (Chow, p. 663). The ankle may be in a position of either full dorsiflexion or plantarflexion during the injury. These positions often place much tension on the ligaments, hence, causing the injury. High ankle sprains occur at an incidence rate of 1 to 11% of soft-tissue ankle damages (Chow, p. 663). These rates vary based on athlete injury rates. Nevertheless, its yearly incidence rate is at 15 cases per 100,000 of the general population (van den Bekerom, et.al., p. 456). For athletes, the incidence rate is higher because their activities mostly involve â€Å"planting the foot and then cutting motions as well as direct blows to the lateral ankle† (Porter, p. 575). Accurate rates for ankle syndemosis injuries are not available because reporting processes do not present accurate figures which cover all cases; however, relative estimates are

HCM HR discussion board week 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HCM HR discussion board week 8 - Assignment Example The first stage of training and development occurs when an employee joins a company. The initial training should include a segment dedicated to corporate culture. Once an employee joins a staff there is periodically trainings that are given to the employees to improve general and specialized skills. Due to the changes that are occurring in all professions continued education has become more important than ever. The healthcare field requires professionals that keep up with the latest changes in diagnostic and treatment of diseases. As a future human resource manager in healthcare I will emphasize training and development as a value added function that can help the employees in the short, medium, and long term. The creation of a balance training and development program that includes both internal and external training sessions can benefit both the employees and the company. The inclusion of technology can help the firm provide training using online learning techniques. Smartphones such as Iphones and Androids can serve as databases to store medical

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Paper Example Our subject belongs to the last stage, teenager. The physical size is normal for the Asian race. His vital signs are presumed normal since he was dancing with his friends at the park. Their group is composed of dance enthusiasts. I cannot assume about his organ development. But looking at his physically, nothing seemed to be abnormal. He dances well and this shows that his vision and hearing are refined. The subject’s developmental stage showed his capability to function normally. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development The Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget observed his children and in the end developed a four-stage model of how the mind processes new information met. He speculated that children improve through 4 stages and they all do in the same order. The four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development include sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations. Our subject belongs to the formal operations stage which includes ages 11 to 15. The cognition is in its final form. Our subject no longer needs concrete objects to make reasonable and logical judgments. He is already competent of hypothetical and deductive reasoning.

Financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Financial accounting - Essay Example Another reason in support of recognizing the goodwill intangible assets is that decision to acquire assets from others reflects there is intangible asset value of the asset acquired. The extent of a business acquiring another business entity facility or brand name instead of developing its own demonstrates that an external value of intangible asset exist in the market transaction. Consequently, business organizations should recognize the external value triggering acquisition of external market value attached to the assets to reflect the real value of the business entity in the balance sheet statement. However, there has been argument against recognition of the various intangible assets in the balance sheet financial statement. One of the arguments against recognition of intangible assets in the balance sheet is that it enhances the earnings information since the balance sheet financial statement will be cleansed from soft assets that have no physical substance. In addition, balance sheet information quality is improved since the cost of managing earnings is relatively reduced (Wahlen, Bradshaw, Baginski, & Stickney, 2010). Another reason against recognizing intangible assets in the balance is the uncertainty and difficult to ascertain the ability of asset recognized will generate revenue in future. Consequently, recognition of goodwill, market-related assets and contract related assets has the potential of causing material bias on the value of the business entity according to arguments against recognition of intangible assets in the balance sheet statement. Amortization of intangible assets faces both support and disapproval due to the potential material effect it causes in the balance sheet statement. One of the reasons in support of amortization of intangible asset is that the ability of a business to generate revenue in different financial is influenced by the market reputation of it brand name.

Canada Before Confederation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Canada Before Confederation - Essay Example Though the conquest occurred, there are historians who see it as a disaster to the Canadians. One example of such a historian is Michael Burnet. It is argued that people look at the Canadians as people who belong to the second-class or middle-class. They are no longer bourgeoisies but proletariats. The British have made businesses to be monopolies. They have also made the high levels of governments to be monopolies (Jerry, 2003). The conquest really devalued the Canadians. There warriors are now seen not to be strong enough to defend there country. The conquest completely injured their pride as a nation. They see that the white people look at them as though they are irrelevant (Bumsted, 2004). The British introduced industrial projects and commerce to Canada. The impact of the white bourgeoisies led to the decline stature of the native language, French. The people of Canada had to learn English. The commercial organizations and industries were run by the British people and it was an obligation to learn English to be employed. Moreover, the language that was used by the federal government was English. This led to so many English speaking individuals to migrate to Canada. It greatly affected Montral. The city was confused to be an Anglophone one because of the signs it used in its commercial language. Due to the use of English commercial signs, Quebec French was forced to incorporate American and Canadian English so as it could conduct some businesses for example, governmental roles, running businesses and trade. Many Canadians who went to the USA came back with some knowledge of English that led to incorporation of the words in the language. The British had taken over ther e vast share of land leaving them to occupy very small areas. There was worry for all the historians who were against the conquest that there would be survival of the Catholic and French culture in the industrial and urban English-led surrounding. They viewed the conquest as having enabled the British to control the economic, social and political ways of Canada. The only way Canadians could join the public offices was by denouncing catholism and becoming Protestants. The main suggestion from historians is that, the Canadians could use their culture and past experiences to organize their economic, political and social way of life. The British introduced democracy that the French Canadians were very much against. They were used to their nationalism concept of leadership. The Roman Catholic teachings guided them. Democracy was just but too secular for them (Bumsted, 2004). There was excess industrialization by the British that led to a division over conscription. The Canadians who were speaking English were blamed for this division. The Canadians who were speaking French did not have an equal place as those who spoke English. The new generation that was coming up in Canada did not inherit the Canadian religious ways. This has been largely blamed to the industrialization by the British. The conquest has made the new generation to be very secular and yet it was a Catholic dominated environment. Until the recent age, the French Canadians have extreme fear that they will lose their people to the Anglo-Saxon surrounding that was brought about by the conquest. They have been forced to form racial unity to protect their traditions and their own. They greatly insist on the differences between them

“Sophie’s World” by Jostein Gaarder Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Sophie’s World† by Jostein Gaarder Essay After I read â€Å"Sophie’s World† by Jostein Gaarder, I was opened up to the different ways of thinking by many well-known philosophers. Each philosopher had their own point of view and ways of thinking. Ranging from religious perspectives to over the top ideas that were unaccepted by the people of their time, these men tried to answer philosophical questions such as â€Å"What is our purpose in life?† and â€Å"Where did the world come from?†. During their times, such thinking was looked down upon and some even got executed for threatening their cultures way of thinking. Socrates, who encouraged his pupils to increase their range of beliefs, got poisoned for breaking ancient Greek religious views and was said to be ‘corrupting the youth’. A few of these philosophers had points that agreed with my own beliefs, such as Soren Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard said that the truth does not only lie in objective things such as facts, but also in subjective things. He believed that life was more about your own values and beliefs rather than reason and strict rules. I relate to his laid back since of mind, because I am a laid back type of person. Many of today’s creative ways of thinking would not have been achieved without someone just relying completely on their own imagination. Even though this book was intriguing, it really didn’t change my way of thinking. Yes, it was entertaining to learn about how ancient philosophers tried to explain the world, I’m not sure it impacted my life in any way. Like all of these philosophers changed by brain teasing ideas that were forced upon me. I did agree with some points that these philosophers made, but only ones that supported my Christian faith. The book itself said â€Å"Where both reason and experience fall short, there occurs a vacuum that can be filled by faith.† Science and philosophy can only go so far. Science can explain why things have to hit the ground after it had been thrown and philosophy can attempt to explain if it didn’t hit the ground one time why a grown person would be more shocked than a kid. But the fact is no one can explain why something happens at a  certain time, at a certain place. Only faith can do that. Even though those philosophers attempted to explain things like where the Earth came from, none of them ever came to an agreeable conclusion. This book did make me think deeper about some of the concepts that were easier to grasp, but I believe philosophy is something I am not interested in. However, I did take interest in the section of the book about psychology,and I think many of the philosophers could have also been classified as psychologists also. This section included interesting facts about dreaming and the subconscious mind. Philosophers sometimes supported their reasoning with observations from the subconscious mind. For example, unexplainable things easily classified as ‘supernatural’ actually came from the imaginative part of the brain. These chapters taught me that the brain can do impressive things, even while sleeping! Studies show that the brain usually sends messages from the conscious brain to the unconscious brain in the form of dreams. Even if you don’t realize it, your brain is secretly  telling itself what it wants during your sleep and it is receiving them and analyzing them as images that we would see when we are awake. That’s how some dreams feel so real when they are clearly just your unconscious mind â€Å"speaking† to you. All together, â€Å"Sophie’s World†, like every other book, has its pros and cons. To completely enjoy the book, let the book take you to places you never thought possible. Open your eyes and prepare for the ride of your life, one you will never forget.

Disadvantages Of Having A Global Language

Disadvantages Of Having A Global Language Plans and ideas that are organised by the business leaders for their organisations future period is strategic plan. Business leaders should accept that yesterdays success does not ensure organisations future success. In a humorous vein, V. in the book The Mafia Manager puts it this way: If you dont know where you are going, you wont get there or anyplace else. (Ref-1) DEFFINITION. Systematic process of envisioning a desired future, and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them. (Ref-2) IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING. In order to make your organisation successful, you need a Roadmap for Success. It gives a direction to the organisation, where to go and how to go. It gives direction to the employees, how to achieve the targets. Goal Congruence, when the objectives of all employees are coincides with the objectives of the organisation. Strategic planning also creates Motivation in employees. While making strategic plan we do keep in mind some things like our customers approach, their mind, what they think about our organisation and their feedback. In this way we can understand our customers and keep in mind them while making our business strategies. We also take feedback of our employees. It makes the communication stronger between the strategic level and operational level. It also motivates the employees and let them feel they are the part of organisation. After all these are the employees who will complete the organisations plans and goals and achievements. Basically making a strategic plan is not that difficult. It only needs some feedback from customers and employees and some thoughts, but organisation needs their employees for long run and they want their motivation and some customers needs also. Strategic planning Creates Vision and Direction that is simple and clear. DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN: STRATEGIC PLANING. The process of determining a companys long-term goals and then identifying the best approach for achieving those goals. (Ref-3) STAGES OF A STRATEGIC PLAN. There are four main stages of strategic plan! Mission statement Objectives Goals and Action plan MISSION STATEMENT. A statement which shows the purpose of a company or organisation. It is a formal, concise and written statement. It explains the reasons of the existence of the company. The Mission statement should point out its overall goals, guide about the actions of the company, shows the direction of the company, and provide the decision making process. It provides a framework by which the company formulate its strategies. Mission statement of a company often contains the following! Aim of the company. The companys primary stakeholders. Responsibilities of the company. Companys services and products. A mission statement can be use as a tool to resolve the matters between companys stakeholders. Companys stakeholders include employees (managers and executives), board of directors, stockholders, customers, distributers, suppliers, governments, NGOs, unions, creditors, competitors and general public as well. OBJECTIVES. Here we develop a long term measureable and specific objectives to deal with our companys most critical issues, thats what we call it strategic objectives. Strategic objectives are normally of timeframe of 3 to 5 years or more. They could be 8 to 12 months but it does not mean they are non strategic objectives. Typically, but not always, strategic plans have multiyear timeframes accordance of achievements and multi functional in its nature. DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES. While making strategic planning, we align the critical issues with reference which we identified. Start from the most critical issues and discuss ways to address it. Make the ideas positive in concept and wording. Focus on the long term goals, not on the short term objectives and problems. After you have completed the prioritization then start on the issues and try to make them easy and workable for the staff and employees. EXAMPLES OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES. In making some sense that how strategic objectives look like in real companys here are some examples! GROWTH. Here we see the growth of the company. Are our long term plans improving the growth of our company? SAFETY. We have made our work place injury free. MANAGEMENT. We have a complete management team and we can meet our strategic objectives. EMPLOYEES. We have reduced our employee turnover ratio. And our employees are well motivated. QUALITY. Our product quality is error free and excellent. GOALS. Strategic goals can be define as, what the company wants and expecting and trying for as a whole after some planning and making some objectives. Goals could be a successful company in any field or general. Goals could be long term and short term. Goals could be a length of six months, one year, 3 years and ten years. Some companys set long term goals before the short term goals, as achieving step by step short term goals leading to achieve long term goals more easily. There are 2 types of goals! Result oriented. Profit oriented. Result oriented goals are, we will increase our market price, return on capital investment, share price etc. Profit oriented goals are how many new products we will introduce in the market this year, how many new plants we have installed, reduce employment turnover ratio. Well in both cases goals are measurable. ACTION PLAN. When we set our goals and objectives in order to attain out missions then we make an action plan by which we can achieve our objectives and goals. Without the action plan its impossible to implement a plan and measure its ratio of success. First we see what our action plans are and how we can put them together in getting desired results. To do this all we need a team got manager and team members. They should assign their work and manager supervises them. Participation which leads to commitment is the big advantage of team work. (Ref-4) SWOT ANALYSIS. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method which is used to evaluate the organisations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT ANALYSIS OF next plc. INTRODUCTION. Next is a UK based retailer offering exciting, beautifully designed, excellent quality fashion and accessories for men, women and children together with a full range of home wares. Next distributes through three main channels. Next retail, its a chain, got more than 500 stores in UK and Eire; Next Directory, a home shopping catalogue and a website with more than 2 M active customers; Next International, have more than 180 stores throughout continental Europe, Scandinavia, Japan, India, the middle east and Russia and an international website serving the USA and over 30 other countries worldwide. The parent company, next plc, registered with London stock exchange and its head office is located in ender by on the outskirts of Leicester, England. Its a member of the FTSE 100 index. Total revenue of the year ended January 2010 were  £3.4 billion with before-tax profits of  £505 million. Basically its founded by J Hepworth Sons with the name of Gentlemans Tailors in Leeds, England. Hepworth buys a chain of Kendalls rainwear shops to develop a women ware group of stores called next in 1981. The first women ware store opens in 12th February 1982 and it reaches to 70 around the UK at the end of July. In 1984 next launches its menswear in august and by December it had 52 menswear stores in UK. In 1987 next launches children ware. In 2010 Next confirmed as Official Clothing and Home ware Supplier to the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics Games. SWOT ANALYSIS. Next uses SWOT analysis to find out its strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities and unaware threats to company. By using SWOT analysis Next Plc can overcome its weaknesses and threats and can get benefit from its strengths and opportunities. Lets have a look on nexts SWOT analysis below! STRENGTHS. Strengths could be the companys location or its unique marketing expertise. The main strength of next plc is its holding age group from 20 to 40. Next sells a great variety and quality of adult wears under its named tag. But some of its competitors are not that successful in satisfying its customers in this segment. Next use to sell its quality and stylish products in reasonable prices with its own tag. As next uses its own name on tags so it reacts quickly in any complain or update and keep on trying to improve its standard and quality and keen to satisfy its customers needs. And it got total control on its quality management Customers concern only with nexts tag on cloths because they understood that cloths selling under nexts tag are of good quality in any aspect. It got 500 stores in UK and Eire. Next has a pretty old history and experience in the field of retail and garments. Next deals with luxury brand named Signature. Next used to do next day delivery for the orders placed before 5pm from next directory. WEAKNESSES. Next has to acknowledge its weaknesses in order to improve and manage them. The weaknesses of Next include: If we see the customers trend towards shopping, they are focussing more on internet than to visit stores. By looking at this trend net should focus on e-commerce but if we see the spending of next on this field is just  £125000. While its competitors spending more generously like Debenhams invest  £5 million on internet technology while M S has spent  £50 million on e-commerce and digital TV. Next should spend reasonable amount to stay in this market. Next used to do a concentration of similar type of clothing in the retail business. If its competitors hold the market or if the customers changed their minds or if the fashion trend is changed then Next should face very difficulties to stay in market. Next works in UK so any policy about British pound will affect the Nexts position in market. OPPORTUNITIES. Next got 500 stores around UK and Eire. If we see the retail market, we can see that Next can find a suitable space to grow in the market by increasing its number of stores all over the world. It can introduce Next in other countries where they have not approach yet but still there is scope in the market. Next can gain a wide range of market by reducing its prices to a small extent as its competitors are selling their products at high prices. Next should invest on e-commerce and digital TV to improve its competitive position in the retail market. Next should open new stores on new and stylish locations because this is the era of glamour. Next is the official supplier of 2012 Olympic events. This is great opportunity for next to explore itself as a unique and stylish brand in retail market and make its competitive position more strong. THREATS. The biggest threat to Next is the low market growth and strong competition. Some companies in the retail market use very aggressive ways to capture market or maintain their competitive position. Some companies get their products ready from some third world countries with cheaper labour and used to sell their products in the market at less price compared with their competitors. Next need to work hard to retain its competitive position in market, as there are more competitors in the market. It needs to adjust its prices which are more competitive. Next needs to satisfy its customers in order to retain them. (ref5) IMPORTANCE OF PORTERS INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL: Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 presented a framework for the industry analysis and strategies for business development. He shows that there are five forces which determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market, and here attractiveness means the overall profitability of the industry. Three of his five forces refer to competition from external sources and the rest are from internal threats. Porters five forces rule is very powerful rule to understand where the potential and power lies in a business market. It can also help to see the companys strengths and weaknesses in the moving market and how can we overcome our threats to attain and achieve our companys opportunities. We can use this analysis to identify, whether the market got the potential to be profitable for new product, services or business. This analysis suggests that managers should focus and understood about the business internet forces and the market competitive situations in order to make affective strategies for business. PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL. POTENTIAL ENTRANTS Threats of new entrants INDUSTRY COMPETITORS RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING FIRMS Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers SUPPLIERS BUYERS SUBSTITUTESThreats of substitute products or services PORTERS INDUTRY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF Next Plc. By using Porters five forces analysis model we can assess the capabilities and potential of Next Plc in the market. Analysis is as follows! BARGAINING POWER OF CUSTOMERS (BUYERS). Under some conditions buyers role in the market varies, depends on the market condition. If there is one buyer in the market and more than two suppliers then buyer fix the price but if there are a lot of buys and one supplier, the situation would be different. If we see the situation of Next in the market, there are some powerful competitors in the market, so Next should be very careful about its policies about prices and quality. Most of the buyers want some bargain on the ticket price and management have to cut prices to avoid losing sales. Sometimes customers assume the price cuts that they are doing lower down their quality. Well if the management cut the price for a customer to retain them but still there is no surety that he will be loyal with Next or who knows what buyers choice is? Next also needs to know that its customers have that knowledge that they know what it is selling in the market and why its products are different and of high quality in what aspects. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS. Suppliers are the inputs in any industry and if the suppliers of raw material, skilled labour of or in any field or services or components, refuse to work with any industry they can easily get their terms like charge high prices for expertise. Well it depends on the market situation as well. If we see the situation of Next Plc in the market then no supplier can refuse to supply its products or raw materials to Next for some terms or to charge some extra prices, because this market got a lot of suppliers and Next can easily replace its any supplier. NEW ENTRANTS TO THE INDUSTRY. The new entrants in the market are a big threat to any industry. Basically Next has no threat from the new companies if they are introducing themselves in the market because its very difficult and need a lot of finance and struggle to be competitors of Next. But Next has a threat from existing big brands in the market like Marks and Spencer. If they introduce themselves in the market to capture it then Next would be in a trouble and Next is aware of that. Next also threat of the big brands like Donna Karan and Calvin Klein. If they open their stores in the busy high streets like Ralph Lauren or New Bond Street, it would create trouble for Next to stay in the market, as these companies got a lot of money, powerful market knowledge and power to enter in the clothing industry. SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES. The threats of substitutes do not affect Next and this is not a big issue in the clothing industry. Like a pullover could be a substitute for a jacket or a trouser for skirts but next is providing all these items anyway so the threat of substitute to Next is nothing to worry about. But if Next fails to note the customers trends then it would be a problem. As customers see the Next as trendier company in the market and if its products are not that stylish and of not quality of the latest trend then it really disappoint its customers and it would lose them. INTENSITY OF RIVALRY. In this part of porters analysis, we see the competitive situations of the companies in the market. If we see the situation of Next in context of competition in this market then its very hard to survive because the situation is very tough. There are a huge number of retailers in the clothing market in the UK. And Next got threat from its rivals like Marks and Spencer, Zara, Gap etc. Every company needs to attract and hold maximum customers in the market to survive. Customers see the best offers in the market that attracts them so to gain the customers, companies need to cut their prices and focus on their customer care department. If Next wants to gain market share then it needs to take sale from its competitors and it will leads to rivalry. (Ref-6)

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development Education Essay

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development Education Essay Children are the future of every nation and people have always strived for helping them to reach the most of their potential in the life span. Todays children have more complex needs which should be fulfilled for their proper level of development. In this work we will try to overview three well-known theories of child development and analyze the similarities and differences between them, as it is very topical to know already existing theories to evaluate properly modern approaches to child education; and find out the essence of interaction of cognitive, physical and emotional development of children to realize the importance of knowing o their needs. Lev Vygotsky focused on the socio-cultural factors in child development which he considered the most valuable. He stated that most of knowledge which every child gets in the course of his development is provided by a wise and experienced tutor (mostly parent or teacher). The tutor provides the child with both verbal and nonverbal instructions which the child is meant to follow. And natural curiosity of the child helps him to do this. Vygotsky believed that higher mental processes in the individual have their origin in social processes.  [1]  Moreover Vygotsky maintained that that social learning had a tendency of preceding development. Vygotsky was sure that learning was a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function.  [2]   Also Vygotsky developed a system of higher mental functions. These functions are developed from the cultural tool, which are got by children unconsciously, in the process of getting the cultural, historical and other information through the verbal and nonverbal interaction with a tutor. In the process of development children learn how to use these cultural tools. Higher mental functions include: attention, verbal thinking and memory. It is interesting that among all the mental tools Lev Vygotsky considered language as the most specific and important one. On the one hand it is a necessary mean to provide children with verbal instructions, while on the other hand it serves as an effective means for intellectual adaptation of a child. Private speech according to Vygotsys theory helps children to make needed strategies to their activities  [3]  . Thus, language is nothing else, but a boost for thinking and understanding. Jean Piaget Jean Piagets theory of child development is cognitive and is based on the system of stages of cognitive development of a child. Following this system we may recognize such stages as: Sensorimotor stage (0 -2 years). At this stage children investigate the environment around them with the help of their sense. They also start learning how to master the things around them. For example, they get to know that if to throw an object it will fall and make some kind of noise. During this stage children realize that even if the object is not near them it still doesnt stop existing. Preoperational stage (2 7 years). This stage is mainly characterized by childrens inability to see things from the different point of view, but their own one they are very ego-centric. At this stage children learn how to use language to describe objects in the world. Concrete operational stage (7-11). During this stage children can already think logically and predict the sequence of their actions. They also can classify objects into several categories. Formal operational stage (11+ years). At this stage children may think abstractly and can plan their actions through hypothesis. Moreover they are deeply concerned about the future. The key concept of the developmental theory of Jean Piaget is that nature is dominant over nurture.  [4]  Out of his system of stages of cognitive development of children we see that the first stage is sensorimotor one. At this stage the infants movements, physical and intellectual lack precision and his activities and attention are dominated by external stimulation  [5]  Piaget underlines that the initial instincts including the influence of sight, taste, touch, and hearing- of people are the most powerful and it is they which make their personalities on the whole. Jean Piaget believes that children are no less intellectual than adults, but they think differently. From the very moment of birth of each child he has to do a lot of things: to understand how people interact and how the whole world works, therefore we suppose that they are less mentally powerful. Indeed, children have more intricate brain abilities than adults, so if to take this suggestion as a starting point it is possible to overestimate our methods of teaching and educating. Arnold Gesell The maturational theory of Arnold Gesell, which is characterized by biological perspective, is based on the belief that every child has a specific plan or programme within his body as for his development. Gesell was convinced that heredity or nature has a primary influence on the development of a child. Gesell is known for establishing certain norms for children at every stage of their growth and developed the so-called gradients of growth. Among them we may find: motor characteristics, personal hygiene, fears, emotional expression, play, school life, ethics, and philosophic outlook  [6]  . Gesell believed that the development of the child through either education or play should be spontaneous. He suggested that through the course of evolution children inherited some kind of code which prescribed their actions and needs, so if a parent wants to help his child o find his life path the most effective way would be to let the child choose it himself. The key similarity in the developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Arnold Gesell lies in their belief in the dominance of nature over nurture  [7]  . Both theorists also developed original systems of measuring either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Moreover it is needed to point out that all the three theories are promoting effective interaction of tutors and children in the process of their development although according to each of the theories their work is differently directed. Unlike Vygotskys thought that social learning should obviously precede the development Piaget considered that learning was less important thing in the child development the main influence instead he saw in nature. Also it is necessary to mention that Vygotsky paid much more attention to the socio-cultural factors in child development than other theorists  [8]  . Although the theories of Gesell and Piaget are alike in many aspects, the difference is that Piaget underlined the major influence of sensorimotor stage on child development while Gesell believed much in heredity, i.e. Piaget maintained that the child cannot enter the next stage until he fulfills the previous one, while Gesell was sure that child would be whom he ought to be due to the biological scheme within his body. Analyzing the theories of child development makes us ponder over importance of effective interaction of cognitive, physical and emotional interaction in the process of development of children. In the matter of fact unless all these aspects are properly accomplished the child has fewer chances to realize him or her in life as it is needed. Cognitive development refers to memory, concentration, attention and imagination  [9]  . It helps children to do well at school, dream, pretend what they will be in future, model different life situations, understand and use symbols, count and even write compositions. On the whole cognitive development is necessary for a child to solve their problems at every stage of their development. Proper physical development is responsible for childrens coordination, motor abilities and other physical skills. Emotional development helps children to possess such traits as self-regulation, self-sufficiency, self-concept and proper self-esteem  [10]  . If only the previous aspects of development are in proper level child has chances to make a positive and healthy self-image. The main point is that poor physical development may influence badly the level of attention or even memory of a child which would certainly lead to problems at school and thus to under-self-estimation. And vice versa: if a child is poorly developed emotionally he may be passive and ignorant which will lead to poor physical and cognitive development  [11]  . Therefore interaction of physical, emotional and cognitive development is of primary importance both for tutors and children. Evidently knowing the principles of forming of the childs personality is of great importance both for parents, teachers and psychologists. Unless we know the needs of the child or an adolescent at the particularly stage of his development we will hardly be able to help him. Knowing the key milestones of the development at childs age group it is possible to evaluate his or her physical, cognitive and emotional development and find the best way fro every concrete child to improve each aspect. It is far more important nowadays, when children have access to the media, computers and Internet and can themselves find all the answers(as it seems to them) to their questions, so they seldom ask their tutors how to solve their problems instead they make decisions by themselves, often no the most reasonable ones. In such situations it is particularly valuable to be aware of the peculiarities of development of children at this age and what problems most of them usually face. It goes without sayi ng that knowing norms of children and adolescents will help to find adequate advice to promote children to reach their potential in life. All the three theories of child development proved to be reasonable and useful. We found out that Lev Vygotskys theory was based primarily on socio-cultural factors of development. The theorist believed that learning preceded development and that made the main difference between his theory and the theory of Jean Piaget who was sure that the childs potential depended on the development of his senses and instincts first of all. Another prominent theorist Arnold Gesell was sure that nature dominated over nurture too and his key concept was that heredity was absolutely responsible for the development of particular child. Gesell and Piaget even developed their own systems of evaluating of either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Although the theories differ in many aspects, every of them is directed on effective interaction between tutors and children and that is the key value of every of them. It is important to be able to realize the needs of children an d adolescents to help them in reaching their potential. In this process it is necessary to each a well-organized interaction between cognitive, physical and emotional development of children.