Questions On Ethics And Ethical Dilemmas - 1895 Words

Running Heading: Ethical Dilemmas Vignettes Capella University Ethical Dilemma Vignettes Advance Ethics Leadership Study in Human Behavior Dr. Washington January 30, 2015 Ethical Dilemma Vignette Abstract In this seminar the researcher will addressed to ethical dilemmas, these ethical dilemmas will be two complex situations that often involves an apparent conflict in which will result in transgressing another. In every organization individuals face ethical and moral dilemmas, which is definitely a product of the minds of the leaders of the organization. According to Durkheim 2013, ethics really tackles the fundamental questions about one’s human life which relates to how people live and should do in particular situations. However, what is the difference between ethical issue and moral issues? Durkheim 2013 notes that, our morals and values are attribute to a system of beliefs, it may be religion, political or philosophical. Ethics is really how business owners apply those beliefs in their short and long-term goals. Additionally, each concept is intertwined and must be applied carefully to maintain an image of professionalism as well as accountability. Durkheim 2013 notes that, there is definitely a difference between morals and ethics, morals defines one personal characters while ethics stresses a social system in which ones morals are applied. Ethical Dilemma Vignette The researcher will discuss ethical dilemmas in the workplace as it relates toShow MoreRelatedDecision-Making within the Healthcare Industry: The Importance of Individual Ethics949 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual ethics are important in decision-making within the health care industry. One of the main reasons for that is because often ethical dilemmas occur at lower decision-making levels, and this means that the decision is being made by one person, facing a difficult situation that must be resolved quickly. Another reason that individual ethics are important in health care is that often a manager is unaware that there is an ethical dilemma. Thus, by failing to recognize the ethical dilemma, the managerRead MoreAnalysis of Leadership Ethics, by Lamar Odom 1176 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership ethics by Lamar Odom that basically examines whether doing the right thing is enough in leadership. The author examines this issue given that the behavior of leaders has been one of the most intriguing issues in today’s society and in order to provide insights on ethics in leadership. The title of the book provokes deeper thoughts in the minds of leaders even before they open the book to commence reading. The author of this book is a leadership and ethic consultant who has not onlyRead MoreEthical Decision Making Model Of Ethics And Its Foundations Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reviewing several ethical decision-making models, reviewing the code of ethics and its foundations, and examining personal beliefs and values surrounding ethics, I have come up with an ethical decision-making model. This model incorporates aspects of pre-existing models, including the social-constructivist model, practitioner’s guide, feminist model, and Herlihy and Coreyâ €™s (2015) â€Å"elements of ethical decision making† (p. 20). This model is broken down into seven steps, which are meant to beRead More1.1.Objective Evaluation Of All Available Options. According1626 Words   |  7 Pagesmorality and ethics of the modern workplace are a product of the (minds of the) leaders of the organization (, the policies they establish and the behavior they model). Leaders have a responsibility for creating trust and cultivating cultural values. But history bears testimony to the fact that time and again large-scale disasters happened due to the lack of ethical standards of some leaders or the other. We come to know from his research that there are two approaches to handle ‘ethical dilemma’: 1) beforeRead MorePersonal Ethics889 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Ethics Ethics is a moral guide that helps a person understands right from wrong. A person’s moral guide is developed by how they were raised, the books they read, the experiences they have lived through, religious beliefs, and cultural beliefs. These experiences allow a person to learn right from wrong, good from bad through their own and other’s experiences and creating their own set of ethics. People take their set of ethics into their personal and professional life and continue toRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : Ethical Dilemma1440 Words   |  6 PagesTo understand an ethical dilemma, we must first understand ethics. Ethics affect the way we think, act and understand each other. Ethics is the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs and attitudes through the use of normative ethical theories. Every human being is ethical. We constantly think before our actions, questionin who our actions will benefit, harm or the consequences. Politicians, doctors, students, pedestrians, teachers etc., are constantly making ethical decisions. Even though everyRead MoreQuestions On A Ethical Dilemma1482 Words   |  6 Pages Gill suggest a six questions or criteria method for recognizing a genuine ethical dilemma. If any of these questions require illegal activity, breach of policy or personal values, break the golden rule, the action is not publicly acceptable, or would harm others - then the action is a ethical dilemma. The first criteria examines the illegality of action. The second criteria asks if the action is a violate of one’s professional or corporate ethic. The third criteria examines the if theRead MoreA Research Study On Research Design1417 Words   |  6 Pages(Verleur, Verhagen, Heuvelman, 2007). Whether or not the participants have completed a graduate level ethics course will serve as a subject independent variable. The dependent variable will be the number of correctly identified ethical issues on the Ethical Discrimination Inve ntory. The participant s views on how strictly they should adhere to ethical guideline when confronted with an ethical dilemma will serve as a covariate in this study. Participants Participants will be recruited from CACREPRead MoreEnrons Ethical Dilemma1118 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Enrons Ethical Dilemma: Ethical and moral issues have received substantial focus in the modern society because of the recent cases in which huge corporations with big profits and earnings have faced bankruptcy. Enron is an example of corporations that have faced bankruptcy in the recent past because of the numerous problems it had with federal and state governments for manipulation of financial statements. While these problems are not only attributed to organizational issues, accounting firmsRead MoreEthics Code Of Professional Ethics980 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle reviewed was Possible Ethical Issues and Their Impact on The Firm: Perceptions Held by Public Accountants. The abstract demonstrates the importance of AICPA’ â€Å"Code of Professional Ethics† and its components, and the influence of management perceptions on firms’ ethical environment (p. 919). Introduction. The authors study business ethics, compliance with ethics code, ethical issues, and ethical behavior of company management. The researchers concern with ethical believes of company employees

The Test Predictions Of Stage Theory Of Memory - 2249 Words

Abstract The aim for the experiment was to use serial position in effect to test predictions of stage theory of memory. Hypothesize followed that with increase in delay there will be a decrease in recall from the end of the lists, and, with increase in delay there will be little difference in the number of words recalled from the start of the lists. Twenty six psychology students took part in the study where they were asked to recall fifteen words eight times, four times with a short delay and four times with a long delay. The mean reaction for the number of words recalled was calculated for all twenty six participants for both short and long term memory. The results supported the hypothesize that when there is a long delay the number of words recalled is more equal at the start of the lists compared to the end of the lists where the difference is more substantial. Serial position in effect to Long term and Short term memory Memory is how people use past events and experiences to influence and use in the present (Bilkey, 2016). Memory involves three stages: encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding is when information is adapted to a structure that can be stored in memory. Storage involves the nervous system where adapted information creates a trace and retrieval is the attempt to restore that memory trace (Bilkey, 2016). Short term memory is when little processing is involved and information can be easily forgotten meaning that short term memory hasShow MoreRelatedModels amd Stages of Memory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand what memory is one can start by understanding the opposite of it which is known as the condition named amnesia. Amnesia is the incapability and failure to recollect information which previously was stored in ones memory (Evans, 1979). If that is the case then memory must be the capability to process information in order to recollect it as data remains maintained (Maltin, 20 05). Ideally psychologists have believes that memory consist of three aspects, these basic stages collaborate whenRead MoreObservation And Experimentation Of Observation1106 Words   |  5 Pagesformed and tested. It all starts from the experimentation stage where close observations are made. Scientists rely mostly on observation in its many forms in order to gain evidence during their studies. Nevertheless, the observational evidence is majorly theory laden. The anticipation is based on past theories such that their aim is to agree with a learnt theory or to reject it. Many observers already anticipate the results based on the theory already acquired in the past. The perspectives and assumptionsRead MoreUse Of The Serial Position Effect On Test Of The Stage Theory Of Memory1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of the experiment was to use the serial position effect to test some predictions of the stage theory of memory. It was hypothesised that with an increase in delay, there will be a decrease in recall of words from the end of the lists. The second hypothesis of the experiment was that with an increase in delay, there will be little difference in the number of words recalled from the start of the lists. Thirty psychology students were presented with 8 trials, each consisting of 15 words followedRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in res earch that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MorePsychology vs Common Sense1521 Words   |  7 Pagesas we call feelings, desires, cognition, reasoning, decisions and the like† (p. 2). Data is collected through careful, systematic observation; then attempt to explain what was observed by developing theories; make new predictions based on those theories and then systematically test those predictions through additional observations and experiments to determine whether it is correct. Where as common sense describes beliefs or propositions that seem, to most people, to be prudent and of sound judgmentRead MoreShould Psychology Be Considered As A Science?1353 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives in Psychology such as Psychodynamic theory and Humanist which are considered to be non-scientific. It is also important to consider the major features of a science, in order to judge whether Psychology can in fact be considered as one. This assignment will aim to answer the question by first looking at whether Psychology is a definable subject matter (Kuhn, 1970). The next paragraph will focus on the importance of the role of theory. This represents an attempt to explain observed phenomenaRead MoreTheory Analysis1707 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Analysis Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual Theory  · Basic Philosophy - The basic philosophy is that the sex instinct is the most factor influencing personality; sexual instinct is present at birth, but it occurs in stages. The sex instinct provides the driving force for thought and activity. If conflicts from these stages are not resolved fixations may occur. If overindulgence at a stage may result in a person remaining at that stage. Certain personality traits develop from difficulty inRead MoreCognitive Development Of Children With Autism1260 Words   |  6 Pages(Galotti, 2014, p. 321). Galotti focuses on 2 major theoretical approaches to cognitive development. The Stage and Nonstage theories are developmental theories that organize ways of explaining phenomena, including assumptions and predictions that are testable hypothesis (Galotti, 2014, p. 321). The Stage Theory that Galloti focuses on is Piagets Theory of Development, also known as the Piagetian Theory. Piaget believed that all children are born with a very basic mental structure where all learning andRead MorePatterns of Child Development Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesinvoluntarily close, forming a fist; this is called the palmar reflex. From these early movements, distinct sequential patterns of motor development occur. Walking, which occurs on the average between 13 and 15 months, emerges from a sequence of 14 earlier stages. Research shows that the rate of acquisition of motor skills is innately determined and that the acquisition of these skills is not influenced by practice. Severe restrictions on motor activities, however, will alter both the pattern and rate of developmentRead MoreCognitive Psychology And The Management And Treatment Of Mental Illness1352 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay I will be looking in detail at two psychological perspectives, comparing their difference and similarities and how they would be applied to the management and treatment of mental illness. Also I will explain the theories of two psychologist highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and there similarities and differences. AC1.1, AC3.1 Biological psychology looks at the biological aspects of behaviour. It looks at how the brain s structure, chemistry, activity and genetic make-up

Ecological Change free essay sample

Jamestown, An What do you think of when you hear the name, Pocahontas? For me, the Disney movie, Pocahontas, pops up in my head. The movie where animals followed Pocahontas while she was singing gracefully about love and freedom. To be honest, as a kid, I absolutely did not understand the plot of the movie. The storyline was not simple as a poor girl who magically obtained a dress and fall in love with a prince in the movie, Cinderella. But as I became older, I began to learn that the story took place in Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in the Americas. Jamestown was a settlement in the colony of Virginia. Jamestown demonstrates the act of anthropocene in America when people first inhabited it. The settlement of Jamestown ecologically changed the land by the acts of man, for their greater good. Everybody knows of Pocahontas, but only several have heard about her husband, John Rolfe. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecological Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John Rolfe was one of the early English settlers in Jamestown. Rolfe might be considered the man who prevented the fall of Jamestown after the starvation and harsh conditions the settlers faced. There were a lot of competition between the English and Spain for European markets, and one of the big material was tobacco. However, while the Spanish enjoyed the product, the English did not like the native tobacco from Virginia. Tobacco was not very popular in England, so it did not appeal to the market. But Rolfe wanted to introduce sweeter strains, so he used the rare Spanish seeds he brought with him. The tobacco he produced was Pleasant, sweet, and strong, which pleased England. Virginia tobacco was a hit. The sole source of fine tobacco popular in England were from Spanish colonies, so it was considered npatriotic. But when Rolfe brought the shipments, London tobacco houses were all over the product. The virginia leaf was better and from one of their own colonies. However, although the shipment of tobacco was beneficial to Jamestown, it also damaged it as well. After the success of tobacco, many new colonists came to Jamestown. The new immigrants flooded Chesapeake Bay. The new colonists began to plant tobacco across the colony on every available river bluff. When the soil was useless and worn out, they gave the fields to cattle and searched for better areas. Tsenacomoco was becoming like Europe, changing because of the acts of humans for their own good. To ship the tobacco, ships took in barrels of rolled-up tobacco leaves. The barrels each could hold half a ton or more. The barrels were heavy, so to balance the ship, Sailors dumped out ballast, mostly stones, gravel, and soil- that is, for Virginia tobacco they swapped English dirt. The dirt they swapped contained probably the most important organism that made Jamestown suitable for living. The soil contained earthworms, which were thought to be agricultural pests. When Charles Darwin, one among the first to realize that they were actually beneficial, wrote a book of all the amazing power the earthworms had, earthworms were finally recognized. When Jamestown, which did not have any earthworms before because of the most recent ice age, was introduced to these creatures, the place received healthy soil and appropriate conditions tor agriculture. Earthworms created massive network ot tunnels by eating through the soil beneath the ground, making it able to let in air and water. These two elements are required for healthier soil. Temperature in Virginia an make the earthworms Turn over the upper foot of soil every few decades, which made them ecological engineers who reshaped entire expenses. The creatures can also clean up piles of leaves in a few months and insert castings or worm excrement filled with the leaves nutrients into the soil. This causes the trees and bushes in places where no earthworms are living, die. The trees and bushes depend on litter for food. So, if the earthworms take away the nutrients into the soil, the plants will be unable to find the litter. This makes the forest lose its understory, which are bushes nd plants living underneath the main canopy of the forest. One of the understory plants are tree seedlings, that will prevent trees to grow after the main trees die off. The earthworms meanwhile compete for food against small insects, decreasing their numbers. Also the population of the organisms that live off the leaf litter such as, lizards, small mammals, and birds decreases. These decreasing numbers of animals and the lost of the understories origin was clear, but nobody knows what happens next. According to Cindy Hale, a Minnesota worm researcher, Four centuries ago, we aunched this gigantic unplanned ecological experiment. We have no idea what the long-term consequences will be. This ecological damage made by the earthworms wasnt the biggest ecological impact on Jamestown. It was a smaller creature, the European honeybee. A ship filled with unusual cargo such as, grapevines and silkworms, came to Jamestown in 1622. The grapevines and silkworms gave little effect, but the bees prospered. Bees are required for fruits and some plants to grow because of the pollen it carries. Usual bees pollinate few plants and are picky on where they live. But European bees pollinate Just about any plant they see. The bees were transported to Jamestown for honey, not to pollinate crops. Pollination was not known to humans until the middle of the 18th century, but because of the bees, farms and orchards became rich and healthy. Without the bees, many plants brought to Jamestown from England would have not increased in numbers. Bees were so important to Jamestown that in the chapter, Mann states, Critical to European success was the honeybee that Indians came to view as a harbinger of invasion. Other small animals also affected Jamestown. Chesapeake Bay was filled with bogs, marshes, grassy ponds, meadows, and small streams. The area was mostly wet, no matter the season. This is because of the American Beaver. The beavers lives in dome-shaped houses which was made by blocking streams with leaves and mud, creating dams. The dams made the water spread across the land, producing small wetlands and pools. While the Indians used this to their advantage by using canoes for easier navigation, colonists had a hard time traveling through. However, Europeans later hunted the beaver for its fur. The colonists hunted the beavers to ear extinction. The fur was mostly used for hats because of its soft, rich texture. Because of this, the colonists unintentionally replaced the beavers with the earthworms as its natural engineer. The tobacco, earthworms, and honeybees are not the only things the English brought to Jamestown. They brought all the other species that would be usually be seen in european farms, such as, pigs, goats, cattle, and horses. Although they were once eaten by the colonists when they were starving during the contlict between the a ns they began to multiply during the peace after Pocahontas marriage. The number of animals increased so much that the colonists lost control of them. Out of all the animals, the most multiplied animal was the pig. The smart and strong animal broke out into the woods after they multiplied, eating fruits, nuts, and maize since they were constantly hungry. The pigs especially liked a root called the Tuckahoe. They ate so much of it that the people living in Tsenacomoco realized they were competing against the pigs for their food supply. Jamestown, as a business, was a disaster. The profit of tobacco was not enough for Jamestown that its venture collapsed miserably.

Pair Of Tickets Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, The Joy Luck Club

Pair Of Tickets In "A Pair of Tickets" by Amy Tan the main character struggles because she is dealing with feelings of resentment for her mother, because her mother never told her of her older half sisters. She is bothered because she gets a feeling of family that as an American she has never known. This along with the fact that she was never told about her sisters by her now deceased mother makes her feel as if she had never really known her. She is also depressed by the way the rest of her family acts as if they remember her mother so well when she feels so distant to her. Throughout the entire story the theme of family is present. The main character feels distance from her family because they were all raised in the traditional Chinese ways while she was raised in a much more western environment. She is just beginning to feel Chinese herself. Tan says that"once you are born Chinese, you cannot help but feel and think Chinese" (160). I think that to her Chinese is the family that she never knew she had. This makes her feel resentment towards her departed mother. She feels that in order to make things right between her and her mother she need to go and do what her mother wanted to do and meet her long lost sisters. Even though she has never met these sisters it is obvious that she cares for them. If she did not care for them why would she have had her aunt write them a letter explaining there mothers death. They are bound by this new Chinese idea of family that the main character is now feeling because of her mothers death. The fact that her mother never told her about her older twin sisters also bothers her. She wonders to herself if she was a disappointment to her mother. She feels as if she had never really known her mother now. She also feels silly for many of the things that she said because she now knows how they must have made her mother feel. A good example of this is the time that her mother had suggested that they go back to China on a visit. Jing-Mei didn't want to go because of selfish reasons. If she had known that her mother had wanted to go back not just for fun but to ease her soul by looking for her long lost daughters her reaction probably would have been a different one. Her mother had kept a secret from Jing-Mae that had caused her much pain and Jing-Mae is struggling with why. The fact that she has sister has entirely changed her view of her mother and that is hard for anyone to cope with. She thinks that to know her mother now she needs to go meet this Skeleton from her mothers' closet. Jing-Mae is just like anyone else that has to deal with the shock of finding out something unusual about someone that they thought they knew well. The skeletons from her mothers' closet scare her but she feels that she need to face them in order to get back in touch with her departed mother. Dealing with these feelings is also helping her to get in touch with her Chinese ancestry. She doesn't feel like she held family as highly as her mother had wanted her to and by getting in touch with them now she is learning about herself and her mother at the same time.

Bond, James Bond Essay Example

Bond, James Bond Essay Bond films are still popular with cinema audiences, around the world after 35 years. Why? There have been 18 films (all blockbusters) and 6 different Bonds and the same simple plot. How have all these elements kept audiences glued to the screens? Well the simple plot is one of the most important elements of the film. The reason this has kept audiences glued to the screen is because its easy to follow; but doesnt it mean its predictable? Yes it does, but for some people thats whats made the Bond films good. Would a Bond film be a Bond film if there werent a car chase or without Bond defeating the bad guy? If you compare two Bond films the plot is very similar. For example compare Tomorrow never dies and You only live twice. The basic plot of each film is: You only live twice: We will write a custom essay sample on Bond, James Bond specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bond, James Bond specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bond, James Bond specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this film Bond is shot at the beginning and is said to be dead. This is printed in all the papers across the world. Of course he isnt dead and does a huge stunt to get down to an undercover submarine. The main plot of the film is that the bad guy wants to start a war between Russia and America. How he does this, is to take their space ships and keeps their pilots captive. Bonds mission is to stop him and of course he does. This all takes place in China and a small island off the coast. Tomorrow never dies In this film Bond is trying to stop a man who wants to take control over all the media in the world. He does this by trying to start a war between Britain and China by sinking their ships and submarines, etc. Bonds mission is to stop him. Bond does this by first disguising himself as an employee of the Bad guy. After that has been uncovered he joins up with another agent, who turns out to be the Bond girl, but before that they both nearly die. After theyve joined forces they head for the Bad guys headquarters and destroy it and him. The six Bonds are the next important element of the Bond films. Bond is clever, funny, good looking, classy and British. There have been six Bonds and they were: 1.Sean Connery 2.David Niven 3.George Lazenby 4.Roger Moore 5.Timothy Dalton 6.Pierce Brosnan Sean Connery was the very first Bond to hit the screens in the 1960s. The current Bond is Pierce Brosnan. Each actor who is chosen to play Bond is privileged because hes one of the most popular characters in film. Over the years each Bond has brought new characteristics to the character. Making Bond more intellectual, and better looking! Bond is one of the only characters men want to be and women want to be with. Ian Fleming wrote the Bond stories, but when he died writers such as Roald Dahl took over and wrote Bond scripts. This shows how the Bond stories have kept alive and with different writers writing scripts the stories always had different elements to the main stories. What is it about the Bond films that make them appeal to so many people? Bond films appeal to so many people because theyre not just one genre theyre a mix. A Bond films has aspects of each genre; theres romance with the Bond girl, theres action all through the film with the fight to beat the bad guy, theres adventure in the mission and also theres a bit of sci-fi in the gadgets. How do the films appeal to both men and women? The films appeal to men with the use of action and the beautiful women. How does the film appeal to women? Is it that the James Bond character is so attractive, or the plot? It can be a combination of both. The plot is easy to follow so it will appeal to about anyone and the attraction to Bond is why women want to see the films. Over the years Bond films have changed to suit the changes in society and technology. The special effects, gadgets and camera techniques have changed theyve become bigger, better and more exciting. This is shown when you compare an earlier Bond film to a more recent one. For example in You only live twice the effects arent as clever and technical as they are in Tomorrow never dies. Also the gadgets, which are given to Bond, reflect the technical advantage of the time. For example in the earlier film You only live twice the gadget of the film was a small helicopter, which had a machine gun on the front. In the later film Tomorrow never dies there is more than one gadget. Theres the mobile phone, which can electrocute people, drive Bonds car and track things. There is also the car, which is one of the main gadgets. The car is usually the latest model and always has some concealed weapons and a high Tec security system. As well as the effects and gadgets theres the camera techniques, which have developed. The camera techniques have become quicker, stronger and sharper. Also in each of the shots the mise en scene has become more intense and there have been more elements. Also the stunts have become much more exciting and thrilling. This is to keep the audience on the edge of their seats. Although in the films we expect some sort of chase and Bond always escaping from the Bad guy, the stunts used in these have evolved over the years to become more dangerous and life threatening. Is sexism still present in the Bond films? Sexism has been present in all Bond films but now its not acceptable in our society. In the earlier Bond films the women were more like objects than have anything to do but stand and look pretty. They didnt appear as much in the earlier films but now, because sexism isnt acceptable, they appear a lot more. For example in these two films one in the early 1960s and the other in the late 1990s the role of women is very different, but they still end up being with Bond. In the earlier film with Sean Connery in ( You only live twice), the women in the film have hardly any part in it. The men do the bulk of the acting and the only part the women play is the sex interest between them and Bond. Also the way Bond treats women in the film shows that Bond doesnt think much of them. You can see this in how hes always with one woman after another and how he always flirts with every women especially Miss Moneypenny. Now in the later film with Pierce Brosnan (Tomorrow never dies), the women have more of a part in the film. For example the Bond girl is now an agent instead of just a regular girl. Also M is now a woman, which shows that the films are keeping up with society. There is still some sexism in the film though, because the villain is still a strong, powerful man, and even though 30 years have passed the Bond girl is still a strong element of the film. All the Bond films seem to have the same simple plot. They also have the same aspects in each one as well. For example Bond is now always getting a new and improved car, which has just been or is going to be released in the market. The main elements of the plot in every Bond film are the same. They are: * Traditional theme, logo, single gunshot, with blood. * Bond is almost killed. * Briefing of mission. * New gadgets. * After the Bad guy. * Casino gamble/ game of skill. * Fight with Bad guys henchmen * Bond girl introduced. * Help for Bond (e.g. FBI). * Enemy spots Bond. * Chase * Fallen comrade. * Bad guys headquarters found. * Bond and company captured. * Left to die. * Bond saves self and company. * Final combat. * Bond gets girl. * The end! Also in the films the Bad guy always seems to be from another country, never from England, is that a hint of racism? I am now going to compare the beginning sequences of both films. In the beginning sequence of You only live twice there was minimal effects only a spacecraft, and there were no gadgets, and the opening credits were traditional to Bond films. In the beginning of Tomorrow never dies There was more effects fights, planes, bombs, explosions, missiles and fights in the air. There were also a lot of gadgets CCTV, computers, mini grenades, and data files. The music for the beginning sequences of the films is written especially for the films. It includes the title of the song and hints at the plot of the movie. In all Bond films there is the traditional opening credits in which there are silhouettes of women prancing around the screen. During this the theme song is being played. The opening sequences catch the eye of the audience because it shows you a glimpse of the action and plot of the story. Also if it doesnt catch the eye of the audience they wont want to stay and watch the rest of the film. I have come to the conclusion that James Bond still appeals to cinema audiences because of the way it has evolved over the years. The stunts have become more exciting and the camera techniques, special effects, and gadgets have become bigger and better. Also as different actors play Bond as the years pass he keeps up with society. Also as merchandise is being sold Bond is becoming a brand name. There have been magazines, cards and play sets, secret agent sets, etc. This keeps audiences interested even when there isnt a film out. So as the technologies evolve, the films evolve with it and therefore keeping the audiences interest.

Themes in The Tempest by Shakespeare

Themes in The Tempest by Shakespeare Themes in The Tempest"We are such stuffAs dreams are made on, and our little lifeIs rounded with a sleep"Shakespeare"Tempest is one of the most original and perfect of Shakespeare's productions and he has shown in it all the variety of his powers. It is full of grace and grandeur." These are the words said by Hazlitt which perfectly justifies the triage-comedy "The Tempest".A great deal of this great play writer's biography cannot be written down for it have been lost in the limbo of the past or most of the essential facts were simply never recorded. However, enough information still remains s for us to sketch an outline of his life and work. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, the former being a glover of Stratford-on-Avon, the latter a woman of good Warwickshire stock. William was the eldest son baptized on April 26th 1564.Prospero and Miranda from a painting by William Ma...Of his boyhood nothing much is known, but it is known that he went to the lo cal grammar school, where he received sound training in the classical education of the day. In November 1582, when Shakespeare was eighteen and a half, he married the daughter of a well-to -do yeoman, Anne Hathaway of Shottey, and their first child Susanna was born in May 1583.The Tempest can be dated with some precision, since there is a record of a performance of it at court on November 1, 1611, and since it borrows some details from accounts of the travels and adventures of Sir George Somers in Bermuda which were not available in England before the fall of 1610.the tempest is the second shortest play of the whole canon in the First Folio edition in 1623 ,and has the fewest scenes. Theatrically ,however, its...

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Business Ethics - Essay Example So let’s get done with it and legalize it! The violence that resulted in the prohibition of drugs is not new. It is usually the case when something is banned. The same was the case when alcohol was still prohibited. The more you ban it, the more people will want it! When alcohol was legalized, violence associated with alcohol consumption become virtually non-existent. Violence becomes a natural consequence of a prohibitive policy because it creates black markets where the law cannot supervise where shady characters make money from it. Instead of spending too much money stopping it which government cannot do, government can instead tax it! Legalizing drugs actually makes sense. Cato Institute reported in its study in April this year that policies that prohibit the use of drugs is usually â€Å"based on speculation and fear mongering rather than empirical evidence on the effects of more lenient drug policies† (Szalavitz). The fear that legalizing illicit drugs will only exacerbate the drug problem did not actually happen such as in the case of Portugal and it is just all in the mind. Portugal in fact â€Å"had the lowest rate of lifetime drug use in people over 15 in the E.U† (Slavis). So let’s legalize drugs and benefit from it. Legalize drugs if you want a country of drug addicts. Legalize it and this country will be reduced to drug dependents who cannot even think straight. It creates dependency and addiction that is not only unhealthy but also kills. Substances such as shabu or Methamphetamine literally â€Å"fries† the mind that it deteriorates cognitive thinking. Other drugs that hav also the same destructive effect on the mind and body that they are too long to mention. The trouble with drugs is that it is not only unhealthy to the body, but to the society as well. Due to their addiction and unhealthy state of mind and body, drug dependents no longer are productive or have minimal

AP - Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

AP - Art History - Essay Example At that time, numerous scientific explanations were being discovered to explain phenomenal and to achieve this, philosophers and scientist fancied a unity spirit of humanity approach. (Porter 212). This piece of art was created by Albrecht DÃ ¼rer who was a German and he lived between 1471 and 1528. He produced this work in 1504 to represent Adam and Eve. In the picture, it is seen that Eve is convincing Adam to take the fruit given to her earlier by the snake, a forbidden fruit. That was where the fall of man originated. It is also seen that they are in a forest setup, which may be in Germany. Albrecht DÃ ¼rer is German born and in this piece of art, he never intended to emphasis on the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. In the picture there are other symbolic representations, which exemplify humanity perspective toward nature. They include phlegmatic for ox, phlegm, choleric for cat, yellow bile, and sanguine for rabbit. Further, this shows that the environmental setup of the artist upholds a cordial coexistence with animals, which also implicate Italian Renaissance (Porter 218). Arte di Calimala is the patron behind this piece of art produced by Ghiberti that is thought to have been carved around 1401-2 using bronze. This sculpture was produced by the patron for a competition on a religious story. The patron won the competition and was given a contract to make the door for both the North and East entrances. In the sculpture, the patron had interest in creating an illusion space for his relief. The objective of the competition was to provide a communicating piece of art on the old for adoption for the north entrance know as paradise. (Porter

Development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Development - Coursework Example At the 1995 women’s conference in Beijing, so many promises were made on gender mainstreaming. The most important one was to get more women into leadership positions in private and public organisations and the government, as well as involve them in scientific and industrial development initiatives. This was to be done to bring about gender equality, not at the expense of men as some people have reported (Fischer, 2012:569). The ultimate goal of gender mainstreaming was to bring gender equality at all levels of private and public sectors. The aim was to enter the millennium with significant progress having been made in terms of putting women in key positions in the society and cultivating and a better understanding of gender mainstreaming and equality among men (Razavi, 2009:146). However, this has not happened. A 2013 research cosponsored by the US department of education and various non-governmental organisations (NGOs) showed that despite the hype and hullabaloo surrounding the topic, men still dominated major positions in the government and the private sector (Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 2010:14) In fact, most governments created a front for gender mainstreaming and equality but their underbellies were rife with gender inequality and imbalance. The Obama Administration, for example, has made several attempts to include as many women as possible in its policymaking and leadership positions (Kantola, 2010:54). However, this is what the public and some naà ¯ve NGOs see and think that progress is being made. For example, the study showed that in departments which were headed by women, there were still more male employees working in senior and influential positions that women should have according to gender mainstreaming advocates. In addition, the findings of the study showed that men’s perception of women has still

How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death

How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death Scientific Research Skills Assignments How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death? Literature Review Smoking stands for intake of tobacco or other related substances either for leisure or in severe cases as an addiction. Smoking is behavior which is reprimandable and highly non acceptable because it not only bring harms to the one who inhales it but to the one who live around him or her including the environment. Addressing the topic of smoking and spreading its proper awareness is very important. This report illustrate dangers of smoking and its effects on one’s mental, physical and psychological wellbeing. Additionally this report will deal with effect of smoking on demographic variation, socio-economic determinants and cognitive factors which are involved in smoking and related behaviors and their impact Approximate age at which people start smoking is 15 in almost each country. Smoking which might start as a fun activity with friends becomes addiction if prolonged. Young people in their early teenage are the biggest victims of smoking and they become regular smoker till their early twenties. Excessive and addictive smoking from such early age increase the danger of early death and other highly risk full diseases. It becomes clear then that adolescents and young adults are the sole and important target of this evil hence they must be given proper awareness to be protect and prevent them to step toward this self-destruction. Doctors can be one important mean of communicating this danger to the target group of this evil but first of all peer can effect each other a lot. Young adults and teenagers take up smoking because of their social relationships and their psychological states, it is important to understand each individual and why they took up smoking. Sometimes young people think t hemselves of no worth or useless so they take up this down trodden road and sometimes conflicts at home or at school and college may lead to such dangerous situations. Relationships at house can also be the trigger as well as bullying. Many people are not aware or not properly aware with the working of nicotine and addictive nature of smoking. Family, peers, doctors, family physicians can play a central influential role of informing the smokers about the hazards of smoking and where it might lead them. Sometimes family is ignorant and does not care what one is doing out of home so in such cases parents and family need counseling as well to be cautious and careful about the habits and activities if their family members. Smoking cigarette causes many diseases and initial ones can be cough and phlegm production leading to severe respiratory illness (Morris. C, 1990). Inhale the smoke, take them as vaporizer or brew them into tea; tobacco, marijuana, hashish once into the body will affect every organ of the body, brain, nervous system and the central immunity system. Smoker feels instant changes and reactions in the body which stops after 2 to 3 hours. It effects heart, results in low blood pressure and also the blood sugar level is affected (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014). Excessive smoking can cause cancers and other dangerous diseases. It starts by irritation and coughing and leads to lung cancer and in severe cases ends at death (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014). Tobacco and tobacco products are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths across the world that makes it 6% of all deaths. It is believed that deaths by tobacco and tobacco products are going to increase more than 10% by a decade and will exceed 20% in developing countries (WHO, 2011). There is no second thought to the fact that smoking effects lungs primarily either one is a long term smoker or smoked for few times. Level of lung functioning is too low in people with the habit of smoking as compared to people who do not smoke and this functioning keep on decreasing with the ongoing habit of smoking. Smoking effects lungs and its working but symptoms may appear later and when the diseases is recognized, it is usually too late to be cured. Smoking not only causes cancer but other lung related chronic diseases as well (Spitzer, 2001). Tobacco smoke has several different harmful particles and chemicals that causes irritation and inflammation in the respiratory tracts and lungs. When such potentially harmful substances are inhaled by a smoker, body reacts to them and releases mucus and coughing to clear them. Very smoker suffer from a morning attack of severe coughing which happens from several reasons. Human lungs contain tiny hair like extension called cilia which push and clean the potentially injurious material out of lungs but the tobacco smoking interferes with the working of cilia and effecting their sweeping action of harmful substances so consequentially much of the harmful substances stay in the lungs causing mucus discharge and inflammation of the respiratory tracts as well. So when smokers are sleeping or they aren’t smoking, cilia continues with their normal function of cleaning the harmful substances out of lungs and when smoker wake up, lungs are busy in trying to remove the particles and mucus built up a day before (questions about smoking and health, 2014) . Working of cilia stops after prolonged exposition to smoke hence lung is unable to sweep out the harmful substances and become vulnerable to many infections and irritation causing mucus and cough. This smoker cough is the early precursor to further chronic disease like COPD, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and others. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lung disease which results from long term smoking and includes symptoms and effects of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. According to a research nearly 12 million people in United States of America suffer with this illness and another 12 million suffer with the disease but are unaware of its early symptoms and signs. And the rate of people suffering with COPD is increasing day by day that it has become the third major reason of death in the United States. It has also been noted that women suffer from COPD more acutely then men. Major reason behind suffering from COPD is smoking, almost 80-90% of COPD deaths results from smoking. There is no cure for COPD and its effects depends on how long and heavily the patient been smoking. Early symptoms and signs of the disease go unnoticed in early smoker, but the time it is diagnosed it has done its work. Early symptoms of the illness may include different noises like rattling and whistling in the chest, shortage of breath during some activities, heavy coughing along mucus (phlegm) discharge. With the time as the disease grows it make hard and impossible for one to breathe. It restricts one’s activities because of shortness of breath and results in grave health issues. Chronic stage of COPD cause patients to gasp for the breath (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is another form of COPD, an illness which causes respiratory tracts to discharge heavy mucus, thus resulting in choking and shortness of breath and makes the patient to cough out all the mucus. Bronchitis is a common disease for smokers, so smokers must be ready to face the flaks of their unhealthy habit. Constant mucus discharge results in inflamed and swollen wind pipe and produces long lasting chronic cough. With the help of medication, symptoms can be cured but cough never go away and mucus inflammation can result in bad respiratory infections as well like pneumonia. There is no treatment for chronic bronchitis but stopping smoking can do little help and can control the inflammation and cough and with the time it may get better as well but if one doesn’t leave smoking then the illness keep on growing (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Emphysema Emphysema another form of COPD results from excessive smoking which gradually hampers one’s ability to breathe. There are tiny sacks in our lungs which provide surface area to oxygen in lungs to get mixed with the blood. But in emphysema these small sacks rupture and results in few large sacs which narrows the surface area and allow less oxygen to enter blood and sometime very less oxygen mix up with blood. With the passage of time disease get severe, very little oxygen reach up to blood and person had to do lot of efforts to breathe. It not only hampers one’s daily activities but make one gasp for breath even at rest. Symptoms of emphysema includes constant and heavy cough which never go away (Smoker’s cough), shortage of breath even when one is not working, dizziness, decrease in weight and general body fatigue. People suffering from emphysema may suffer from other health issues specifically related to lungs and can cause poor lung functioning, lung infections like pneumonia, shortage of breath to an extent that an individual has to rely on oxygen tube. There is no cure of treatment of this illness but the only possible solution is to quit smoking so the symptoms lessen down with the passage of time but if one doesn’t quit smoking it may lead to cancer and death as well (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Resources: Morris and Koyama, 1990 Joel Spitzer, 2001 American Cancer Institute, 2014 World Health Organization, 2011 Two research topics can be developed from this literature Smoking is one of the leading causes of death in United states; Smoking causes lung disorders even cancer as well. 5. It is very much evident from above mentioned researches and studies that smoking have an injurious and direct effect on one’s health specifically on lungs and may lead to cancer and death as well. It is very important to study the effects of smoking, smoking behaviors and its resulting health effects because smoking is one of the greatest causes behind lung cancers and deaths across the globe. This matter should be dealt seriously and immediate attention should be paid. 6. In the above mentioned research topic â€Å"Effects of smoking on lungs leading to cancer and death† smoking is the independent variable in this proposed topic of research as it bring changes but remain unaffected itself. Lungs, cancer and death are the three dependent variables as the amount of change and effect they will bear depends on the smoking. Smoking: Independent variable of the research, effects health, lungs, cause cancer and death; Lungs: dependent variable, effects by the independent variable smoking; Cancer: a major effect of smoking independent variable, is a dependent variable Death: a dependent variable, independent variable smoking leads to death. 7. â€Å"Effects of smoking on lungs causing cancer and death† 8. Where smoking is independent variable while effects on lungs, cancer and death are dependent variable. 9. Hypothesis: Smoking effects lungs and causes cancer and even lead toward death. Questions: 1. does smoking effects lungs functioning? 2. Does smoking cause cancer? 3. Does smoking lead to death? Statement: Effects of smoking on lungs, causing cancer and death. 10. Questions are the best choice for the detailed study and analysis of the subject matter. 11. Questions are best suitable for this research because smoking has different forms like mild, chronic and chain smoking which have different effects on lungs, causing cancer and leading toward death. Each questions will lead to detailed answer and explanation of how and why smoking effects lungs, causes cancer and death. If hypothesis is considered as objective then it might fail to highlight the different effects of smoking on lungs, smoking causing cancer and smoking leading to death individually, and it would rather warp up the discussion generally. So questions are the most suitable mode of inquiry for this research as each effect of smoking will be answer and laid out separately. 12. Conceptual definition: conceptual definition is the clear statement or description of something or how something works. It is used to define a term clearly, concisely and precisely. For example â€Å"Anxiety†, a conceptual definition of anxiety is unpleasant feeling effecting one’s working in few specific situations but sometimes motivate positive behaviors as well Operational Definition: Operational definition stand for defining something under different parameters, measurements and situations in order to validate it. Operational definitions can be very simple to very complex ones depending on the variables being used. An operational definition of anxiety can be that anxiety is just not a feeling but a physiological reaction of body resulting in increased heartbeat, muscle tension, sweating etc. 13. Conceptual definition. Smoking: an act of inhaling of tobacco or other related smoking products and exhale of smoke and other harmful gases. Lungs: A pair of organ found in almost all the living organism specifically in vertebrates, involved in inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Lungs provide oxygen to whole body. Cancer: A harmful disease resulting from uncontrollable cell growth and have several different form depending on the area of body. Death: a state where an organism is not alive, breathing or sensing the environment. Death is also called expiry. 14. Operational definitions: Smoking: intake of tobacco and other harmful substances like nicotine etc. into lungs and outtake of harmful gases like carbon di oxide. Smoking causes social and physical illness Lungs: a pair of respiratory organs in humans involved in the oxygenation of the body. Lung are effected by the type of air inhaled, if smoke is inhaled it will have different effects on lungs then clean fresh air. Cancer: a specific form of cancer caused by poor functioning of lungs, inflammation of respiratory tracts, rupturing of air sacs, chronic cough and mucus discharge, difficulty or unable to breathe and physical deterioration of the lungs as well. Death: end of life resulting when lungs stops functioning and body is unable to get oxygen. 15. Level of measurement means classifying variables to develop a scale. Nominal scale will be used to find out the percentage and tendency of lung disorders, cancer and death resulting from smoking. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the data collected from the sample. 16. Data collection method depends on the type of variables and the relationship between them and is a systematic process to validate the hypothesis or answer the questions. There are three data collection methods, surveys, focus groups and interviews. It is the data collection which determine the authenticity of the research. Data collection instruments stands for the process data will be collected. Survey will be the instrument precisely data collection instrument to collect data from the population to find out the answers to questions. 17. A reliable and valid research instrument always give constant and accurate results whenever tested and studied. Reliability and validity of the questions will be done by a pilot study and by experts’ advice so to make sure questions are understandable and consistent. 18. Population of study is divided into two categories depending on the instrument of data collection. Individuals from rehabilitation centers will be the main population along the cancer patients in the hospitals as well. Apart from that interviews will be conducted with the physicians of patients suffering from lung cancer. 19. Simple random sampling technique will be used as it is the most convenient process to collect data. Researcher will visit the rehabilitation center and hospital and focus on the individuals with smoking related issues. 20. Research design refers to the overall planning and strategy to carry out research by linking and integrating all the components of research to find out solution to the research problem. This study is a descriptive study to find out relationship between variables by using research questions. Descriptive study attempts to define the link between various variables and will answer all the questions descriptively. 21. This study is both qualitative and quantitative. Research questions will be analyzed quantitatively to generate statistical data while interviews will be analyzed qualitatively. References: Morris. C, K. (1990). A manual on tobacco and young people for the industrialized world. http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/A_Manual_on_Tobacco_and_Young_People_for.html?id=53geAQAACAAJredir_esc=y (2014). questions about smoking and health. American Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/questionsaboutsmokingtobaccoandhealth/questions-about-smoking-tobacco-and-health-how-tobacco-affects-lungs Ratini, M. (2014). MDweb Medical Reference. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects?page=2 Spitzer, J. (2001). neer take another puff. Retrived from http://whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.html Tobacco, smoking and cancer: the evidence. September, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/smoking-and-cancer/stats-evidence/tobacco-smoking-and-cancer-the-evidence

What Is The Role Of Engineers Environmental Sciences Essay

Through the last few decennaries the physical growing of population has become one of the universe ‘s highest environmental menaces. This growing has created singular demands for land, transit, energy, H2O, sanitation, etc. , and marked the different countries or Fieldss where applied scientists are working. As a consequence, todays ‘ applied scientists in both developed and developing states must to follow a new holistic attack toward natural and societal systems ( Amadei 2004 ) . Which means exchange the controlling nature attack for collaborating nature attack ; through sustainable development in pattern. Engineers, people that design professional solutions for societal issues, are playing a critical function in the building of modern societies, although the ways as they overcome and approach these depend mostly on the socioeconomic conditions which vary significantly. This essay will discourse the function of applied scientists in developing states and analyse H2O sup ply & A ; sanitation and energy as two of the most important countries affected by their decision-making.Role of technologyGeneral PerspectiveThe function of technology has suffered many alterations over the last few decennaries, although its construct which is based on test and mistake has remained an indispensable component of the scientific-technological method ; where societal, environmental and human factors define the most suited solution to pull off a peculiar issue. Therefore, applied scientist ‘s function is go oning reshaped harmonizing to the new challenges and necessities implicated by specialised subjects on peculiar countries of engineering ( civil, chemical, agricultural, etc. ) . ( UNESCO 2010, p. 24 )Contemporary Perspective and sustainable developmentUnlike the twentieth century where the technology epoch seemed to hold limitless natural beginnings, todays ‘ century is confronting serious jobs that are seting tremendous force per unit area on the enviro nment ( Azapagic, Perdan & A ; Clift 2004, pp. 3-5 ) . Therefore, todays ‘ applied scientists besides the basic proficient and scientific cognition of the technology subject, they besides have to lend and advance sustainable development that meets todays ‘ necessities without impacting adversely the capableness of approaching coevalss to run into up their ain necessitates. This new function of technology, demands new patterns based on social-environmental factors instead than merely concern ends.Impact of technology on societyThe history shows legion illustrations in which applied scientists ‘ public presentation has widely influenced among communities. Quality of life, economic wealth and good substructure for case, are one of the most relevant and common indexs of their weight on society. As ( UNESCO 2010, p. 40 ) have stated, by 2025, the universe ‘s population will hold increased from 1.5 billion to 6.6 billion about and the per centum of migration to urb an countries will lift from 40 per cent to 60 per cent. This information shows that urbanisation rates will hike dramatically. Subsequently applied scientists have the duty to do effectual and sustainable solutions as an incorporate attack without generate negative impacts, which is known as technology societal duty.Ethical side of technologyIn general footings, technology ‘s moralss is straight related with technology duties regulated by criterions codifications which act harmonizing to several state of affairss. The aim of the ethical factor in technology instead than merely fixed up regulations, is pulling solutions with reflection of peculiar state of affairss fixed into anterior rules. On this footing, at the clip of doing determinations, applied scientists should take into history the undermentioned points: sustainable development, protection of the public-environment, faithful agent of stakeholders – related with objectiveness, competence-knowledge, equity and ju stness, unity in the workplace ( dedication and service ) , and professional accountability- leading. ( UNESCO 2010, p. 190 )Engineers in Developing StatesAs in developed states, applied scientists must work within the societal, economic and environmental context in order to vouch existent sustainable development for the whole universe ( Parsons 1996, p. 170 ) . Social duties such as H2O supply, sanitation, nutrient, energy and environmental protection are the same in developing states. The difference resides on the socio-economic factors which are straight influenced by people ‘s behavior, authoritiess places and development precedences.Engineering accomplishments and moralss in Developing statesAs is described in the subdivision A.1 and A.3, competencies and rules of applied scientists in developing states remain the same as standardised features. The great challenge for them is in fact, to develop realistic undertakings on clip to peculiar communities and engineering availa ble ( Parsons 1996, p. 170 ) . In fact, environmental issues, frequently take less importance because there are others which have more â€Å" relevant societal impact † , oil geographic expeditions for case.Successful and failed undertakingsThe successful and failed undertakings in developing states depends much on the capableness of applied scientists to set about undertakings with a clear apprehension of the aims, dependable appraisal of resources ‘ handiness, concern, and proficient demands and effectual communicating among stakeholders. The ability to implement accurately these facts will convey up utile and applicable options to turn to existent issues. By contrast, deficiency of attending to the social-economic context, moralss codifications, unrealistic outlooks, underestimated clip, quality and cost will convey hapless results. ( Parsons 1996, pp. 171,172 )Relationship between engineering and socioeconomic factorThe usage of high-technology does non vouch a succ essful undertaking or accurate solutions. In order to accomplish good consequences, applied scientists must be able to do a balance between usage of engineering and socioeconomic properties. Parsons ( 1996 ) points out that the appropriated choice of engineering will find non merely undertaking ‘s success besides its viability. As a consequence, there are four points to take appropriated engineering harmonizing to socioeconomic factors: it must be conceptual and physically compatible with operators, trim parts and equipment must be available in the influenced country, undertaking support must be commensurate with its budget, and the engineering must be compatible with the physical environment where it will be used. This theoretical account leads to reason that the relationship between engineering and socieconomic factor is really narrow, it must suit users and demands every bit good as must be designed to better quality life.Engineering AreasEnvironmental tendencies that are d etermining new applied scientistsBrief reference of of import events that encourage environmental position on technologyWorld population, followed by clime alteration are considered the two chief factors that are determining new applied scientists with environmental attack. During the last half of the 21th century ; universe population increased from 2.5 billion to 6 billion particularly in less economically developed states, this tendency is expected to top out at 9.3 billion by 2050 ( United Nations 2012 ) . In add-on, overpopulation besides has been linked with higher demands of natural resources ( H2O, cropland, wood ) , shanty colonies, transportation-infrastructure shortages etc. Another of import event that is doing an environmental attack is the fact that the current planetary economic is based on productiveness, which has brought several impacts associated with nursery gases, waste merchandise of fossil fuels and air pollution. Climate alteration is surely the consequence o f all these elements at an unnatural rate. Therefore, the universe has changed its development attack to sustainable development ( Brown, Rener & A ; Halweil 2000 ) . Hence, most of professional corporations have incorporated sustainable development into their purpose statements and codifications.New theoretical account of acquisition and patternTo face the planetary challenges that the Earth are confronting today, technology instruction has incorporated the construct of sustainability into all technology Fieldss. This means, that professional are expected to do dependable determinations that improve quality of life every bit good as cut downing negative impacts on environment and degrees of ingestion, and be aftering their actions harmonizing to socio-economic factors and engineering available. Consequently, the procedure of acquisition and pattern has been adjusted by a theoretical account of instruction more realistic-practical. Where pupils throughout workshops are larning and e difice cognition in existent state of affairss, every bit good as has created in them greater environmental duty. ( Amadei 2004 ) .Sustainability and transmutationAs explain Azapagic, Perdan & A ; Clift ( 2004 ) , there are surely three constrains that built the construct of sustainability. Techno-centric concerns, which represent human expertness, inventiveness and economic systems, Eco-centric concerns related with natural resources and ecological capableness and socio-centric concern based on human and societal outlooks. The Techno-centric concerns, has been traditionally used in the procedure of instruction in technology, the duty of today ‘s applied scientists is to include in equal proportion or balance all three restraints to accomplish a sustainable development. Which finally is seeking for human well-being, in other words fulfilling human demands, bettering quality of life in an eco-friendly manner.Water Supply and SanitationDeveloping States backgroundUNESCO ( 2010 ) states that H2O supply is one of the most serious jobs confronting by developing states, in India for case, 85 % of the urban population has entree to imbibing H2O, but merely 20 % of the of this meets the health-quality criterions set by World Health Organization. Additionally, the day-to-day rate of H2O supply frequently is really low and depends on economic factors and location. The state of affairs on sanitation is even worse ; frequently sanitation has lower precedence than H2O supply. It has estimated that 2.6 billion people do non hold decently or bing sanitation system in developing states. Another issue related with sanitation is in fact that effluent and solid waste aggregation services ; and stormwater drainage are unequal. Littering straight to open countries for case, has created environmental impacts on surface and land H2O resources being more dramatic in countries such as shanty towns.Engineering Challenges Engineers attackThe traditionally intervention of H2O suppl y and sanitation direction is considered now as a standard process. Which has several interventions harmonizing to the H2O physicochemical features, engineering available and environmental ordinances. Although, it is by no agencies certain that this process has been the best. Indeed, 95 % of the effluent in the universe has been discharged to the environment without intervention ( Montgomery & A ; Elimelech 2007 ) . Hence, Beside new ordinances and codifications, todays ‘ applied scientists instead that retroflex solutions from developed states to developing states, they will hold to run into basic demands of all communities for H2O and sanitation and work as facilitators of sustainability attack within context institutional, societal, political, economic, environmental and technological. Thereby, the issue of H2O and sanitation in developing states will be overcame or at least decreased. For illustration, cleaner production can be â€Å" an expensive solution † , never theless it is truly depends on legion conditions linked with the population objet, such as natural resources, demands and societal category.EnergyDeveloping States backgroundIn the following few decennaries, the force per unit area on energy services will increase well in developing states. It is predicted that energy ingestion worldwide will increase approximately 30 % from 2007 to 2030 and most of that growing will be came from developing states. As a consequence, the intergovernmental panel clime alteration ( 2007 ) point out that these energy issues will be addressed through cost-efficient energy plans based on the decrease of dodo fuel usage ; executions of ecofriendly engineerings and renewable energy in lodging, transit and industrial sectors and eventually the decrease of life-cycle cost, this related with all disbursals in the design, building, operation and care of a peculiar undertaking. ( Liu, Meyer & A ; Hogan 2010, pp. 35,36 ) . Today ‘s modern development demand s serious energetic plans that fix up both economic development and sustainable development based on the rational usage of natural resources.Engineering Challenges and attack in developing Nations.Worldwide experiences have showed that the replacing of non-renewable to renewable energy seems to be more expensive and furthermore, information about renewable engineerings is unequal or unapproachable. For that ground, the common committedness for applied scientists on energy solutions is provide better options in footings of sustainability and development. Adoption and design of new engineerings, ordinances, technology supervising within national schemes, continues updating, provide advice of energy demands, etc. , will be the common countries where applied scientists ‘ function will be important for environmental energy development in the less economically developed states. ( UNESCO 2010, p. 288 ) .Decisions

Reaction Paper Example

REPORT on FEASIBILITY STUDY Summary: A Feasibility Study (FS) is a method of operation employed to precisely describe what a project is and what strategic issue need to be considered to assess the probability of gaining success. The following are the different types of FS: technical, economic, cultural, legal/ethical, resource, operational, marketing, real estate, and comprehensive feasibility. FS are done by companies whenever there is a new project to deal with.It is also used as a basis for an investment decision, whether to pursue or not on a particular project or business, or to make sure that there will be a return on investment (ROI). Reaction: FS is a necessity in the Philippine setting in the sense that in this unstable economy of ours, investing in something which does not promise any substantial returns is deemed to be a suicidal act. We do know that monetary remuneration is not the only important thing that any of our investments expect in return but it is what fuels our endeavors to continue to be of service to others and give our clients what is due them.A comprehensively conducted FS will help us determine the strengths and weaknesses of any project we are about to execute which in due course will save us money, time and effort. REPORT on SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Summary: Situational Analysis is the step in the formulation of a plan, formulation of objectives and targets, formulation of policies and strategies, identification of programs and projects and last is investment programming or budgeting. Problem identification identifies the issues and problems that need to be solved.The framework for analyzing social outcomes include: outcomes, resources, services and facilities, access and utilization of services and facilities and environment. The profile of the target population describes the context which involves physical, economic, social, cultural and political environment where the population subsists. Reaction: The process of making a Situational Analysis is complex. It has a various components which need to be analyzed. Adequate time is very much needed to make sure that the end-result is not half-baked and clearly states the reason for engaging in such study.Collective effort of those who are involved should also be urged to arrive at a solid decision and basis for engaging regularly in the planned activity. REPORT on TECHNICAL ANALYSIS Summary: Evaluating technical feasibility has to do with a large part of determining needed and existing resources. Technical Analysis should be done to conclude whether current technical resources can be upgraded in a manner that fulfills the demand. If existing systems cannot be upgraded, then considerations on whether there is such an existing technology that meets the specifications should be the next alternative.Technical Analysis enables to uncover the method of production to be employed, equipment and tools, site development, amenities, factory building among others. Reaction: The p racticality of a proposed or an on-going project can be measured through Technical Analysis. It is the skeleton in which your business will stand and operate. It determines if a certain business venture possesses the necessary materials for it to be operational. Also, it makes sure that even if the materials are available, it has the capacity to handle or sustain the project at hand.Finally, it evaluates the capability of the workforce if they have the required skills needed to make the project possible. Technical Analysis encompasses the assessment of the structural components and technical aspects in running a business or sustaining a project. REPORT on ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Summary: Environmental Analysis is the study of the threats and opportunities that may affect the Marketing Plan. It is a fundamental marketing operation used to identify outside forces that may affect the success or failure of a certain product or service.It includes the identifying, scanning, analyzing and forecasting of the ever-changing business environment. The internal factors of environment that affect the business must first be identified, which can be done at different levels – the company, regional, domestic and global levels, making use of SWOT and PESTEL, however it can also be achieved through a very significant brainstorming assembly. Reaction: Environmental Analysis is very much helpful in understanding the ambiance in the business arena. It enables to identify factors that greatly affect the operation and the triumph of the business venture.Scanning is the process of recognizing which of the identified factors have the most effect because it will aid in giving back a path for improvement. Analyzing and trailing the steps will arm one with the necessary and appropriate tools to start a business of his desire. Forecasting should also be considered for it furnishes a rational basis for certain strategies to be employed which is beneficial to the business. REPORT on F INANCIAL ANALYSIS Summary: Financial Analysis is an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project.It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports relative to it. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. The following are examples of reports and documents necessary in making a sound analysis: (a) Financial statements report the company’s financial status to interested parties; (b) Balance sheets show a corporation’s financial status at a certain point in time; (c) Income statements show a corporation’s profits and losses for a fixed eriod; (d) Cash flow represents the flow of cash over a fixed period, by how much cash on hand at the start of the period and how much is left at the end. Reaction: No business entity will materialize without appropriate fundi ng and financial back-up. Although there is enough monetary capital maintained by the company, it will gradually collapse when there is no proper financial accounting. Financial Analysis guarantees the realization of your ultimate goal in starting up a business venture that is to earn profit. With proper financial assessment, the business will definitely survive the competition.REPORT on ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Summary: Economic Analysis is examining in detail the economy. The objective of which is to assess the over-all impact of a project on improving the economic welfare of the citizens of the country concerned. It is for the national economy rather than for project participants. The objectives of economic analysis are to bring out a better allocation of resources that leads to increased incomes for investments or consumptions and to choose the means using the least resources for a given output.The Project Framework is of great importance because both the directly productive and indire ctly productive projects are analyzed, it aids to prevent misallocation of resources. It is also an appraisal tool to examine the implementation efficiency, operational effectiveness, testing and impact significance. Reaction: Understanding economic analysis entails a careful system of study to ensure the sustainability of a particular project and its success.Two components that should complement with each other are the Financial and Economic analyses to uphold the goal of sustaining the project. It should also be in consonance with the national objectives of economic recovery for it to be truly feasible in uplifting the country’s economy and national development. REPORT on CULTURAL and SOCIAL ANALYSIS Summary: Cultural Analysis is the study of people’s way of life intended to gather date on remarkable fact or event to obtain new knowledge by way of analyzing the given data. The main subject to cultural analysis are adaptation and change.Social Analysis, on the other h and, is the study of the development and structure of society and relationships. This has direct bearing on social theories which are used to study and interpret social phenomena within a particular school of thought. Reaction: Taking into consideration the cultural background of the people or the society, makes an entrepreneur sensitive to the needs of the clients and helps in determining what is appropriate and what is not to be pursued in order to push through the business without predicament.Also, it is very interesting to note that people comprising a society are involved in remarkable or outstanding events, how human behavior or discipline affects relationships, economics and politics. Therefore, understanding the society and its culture will develop a harmonious interaction between and within people involve. REPORT on POLITICAL ANALYSIS Summary: Political Analysis the study of the state, government and politics and its relation to the business community. It is about the wide scope of theory and practice of politics and the study of political systems and political behavior.It has three fields – Political Philosophy, Comparative Politics and International Relations. Political Science uses methods and techniques that connect to the kinds of questions which are tried to be obtained or achieved. Reaction: Considering the kind of political scenario prevailing in this country, it is of great importance to consider political analysis, an in-depth treatment will enable you to deal with circumstances which are within the bounds of political concerns of the nation nowadays.Economic stability rest on the pillars of political stability as well and it will be of major importance to study the predominant political science your are in to blend in and be on safe grounds. REPORT on PROJECT APPRAISAL and PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Summary: Project Appraisal is a process of assessing the case for proceeding with a proposal or a project itself. It includes six (6) major points which starts with Project Identification process wherein collection, compilation and analysis of data to locate potential opportunities to start and development opportunities are done.Defining Project Goals and Objectives relate two (2) different ideas. Goals serve as the â€Å"what† in the process and objectives serve as the â€Å"how†. Project Appraisal also consists of financial assessment – money, profitability and eligibility while technical assessment includes whether a project is keeping with its objectives or is strategic in nature. Reaction: Clearly defined goals and objectives is what really count in pursuing a remarkable project. The formulation of the said goals and objectives should be given enough time and thinking before a project is to be undertaken.The success of any project or business endeavor lies in a well-defined and factual goals and objectives. REPORT on CONTEMPORARY ISSUES in PROJECT MANAGEMENT Summary: The first thing to do in pu tting up as business is deciding what kind of business you are going to venture in. And it will be normal to think of a business that will be patronized strongly by the masses. Considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that you might encounter in the process will help you deal with the future issues and potential problems you might encounter on the way.Some of these problems are the following: low capital, limited resources, shift in consumer behavior, availability of raw materials, transportation, labor, marketing, location, laying the ground work, and branding. But despite all these, solutions can be applied in order to avoid encountering the said problems in running a business. Some of these precautionary measures are as follows: establishing a realistic mission, picking a business that is in demand, committing to running business, having enough working capital, and finally, choosing the right marketing campaign.Reaction: It may be said that we can all be business owners but not all of us will succeed in the business endeavors we ought to put up and operate. There are many factors to consider during the process of planning your desired business venture, running it, and maintaining its superiority over the market. It may be deduced that to be able to attain success, one must have the passion and dedication in what he/she is doing. The desire to always to better will make sure that you are on the right track. REPORT on PROJECT MONITORING and MONITORING TOOLSSummary: The primary purpose Project Monitoring is to compare the way things are actually planned to the way things are actually done in a specific project. Employing the use of Project Monitoring Tools like performance indicators, logical framework approach, theory-based evaluation, formal surveys, rapid appraisal method, participatory methods, public expenditure tracking surveys cost-benefit and cost effectiveness and impact evaluation will give project managers the essential info rmation to continue, improve or terminate a certain project.Such monitoring and evaluation of development activities will provide them with better means to improve service delivery, planning and allocating resources and demonstrating results as part of accountability to key stakeholders. Reaction: Project Monitoring is very indispensable in any and every project to engage with. It all starts with cautious planning associated with proper execution of established goals and objectives and close supervision and monitoring which will determine the success of any project. The use of the project monitoring tools will alleviate the burden of handling projects.Proper utilization of tools suitable for the project is vital to the fulfillment of the project goals and will eventually generate prolific results. REPORT on DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Summary: Diagnostic evaluation is administered not only to identify problems or deficiencies, but also to identify strengths and special talents of students . It also determines the readiness of a student to begin school and if a student in any level of the curriculum has mastered some or all of the objectives he is about to take.The need of the students, especially those disadvantage ones, to acquire first some prerequisite skills is determined through diagnostic evaluation. Proper placement of students is another reason for the need to administer diagnostic evaluation because it will help eliminate boredom for those who have already mastered a certain objective and can avoid discouragement for those lacking them. Diagnostic evaluation makes learning easy for the learners to acquire. Reaction: Good diagnostic is a must because it helps teachers to place students properly in the instructional sequence and to identify causes of repeated failure to learn.But making an appropriate and sound diagnostic material should be taken into consideration because it will make or break the true essence of giving diagnostic evaluation. Teachers should make the implicit assumption that all students bring similar cognitive and affective skills, prerequisites and experiences to their class or subject at the beginning of each year. A teacher should really take time and effort in identifying the presence or absence of prerequisites skills, attitudes, and habits; those students who have already mastered some or all of the objectives; and those gifted or talented individuals who need special attention.The success of learning depends on the accuracy and depth of the diagnosis administered to students. REPORT on FORMATIVE EVALUATION Summary: Formative evaluation is said to be useful not only for curriculum construction but also for instruction and students learning. Formative assessments are focused on the learning process as well as the learning progress. While other assessments may only focus on the end result, formative assessments check the student’s progress consistently so that adjustments can be made to reach learning goals. Both teachers and students participate in formative assessment while learning is taking place through things such as informal observation, immediate feedback and student self-assessment. A formative assessment is consistent and ongoing throughout the learning process. It also provides immediate feedback to both teachers and students due to ongoing assessment practices. Reaction: Formative evaluations is important to meet the goals of a particular educational institution. It provides a venue for the goals to be shared and observations and feedbacks are used by both students and teachers to improve the teaching and learning process.It also gives an opportunity for teachers and students to make adjustments to the teaching and learning strategies uses so learning will ultimately take place. The experiences the students have encountered can also serve as a motivating factor for further learning to ensue. REPORT on EVALUATION TECHNIQUES for KNOWLEDGE and COMPREHENSION OBEJECTIVES Summary: Knowledge objectives imply recall and recognition of the specific elements in a subject area. The two main classes of knowledge items are supply and choice.Examples of supply items are completion item, definition of terms, identification, enumeration, and essay. The following can be administered in using choice items – multiple choice, true or false, and matching type. Comprehension objectives are widely accepted since they indicate understanding, described in terms of the three levels of operations, namely; translation, interpretation, and extrapolation. Reaction: Knowledge is important for the development of ideas and learning to recall or recognize during formal instruction. It should go hand in hand with comprehension because it entails understanding.For teachers to be sure that learning took place in a particular teaching/learning scenario, formulation of evaluation materials which both uses knowledge and comprehension objectives is a must. Another thing which can be in corporated during the construction of the said evaluation materials is the technical know-how of the teacher making the test questions, be it knowledge or comprehension. The â€Å"art of question† should be taken into consideration which will eventually result to a valid and reliable test material. REPORT on ITEM WRITING and SELECTION Summary:Item writing and selection aims to determine what the students learn from teachers; look for different resources to know the topic where will the item came from. There are different kinds of items to construct. These are supply items like essay and short answered item, selection type such as true or false, matching type, multiple choice among others. Item analysis is a process of examining a class who perform individually in a certain test item. Difficulty index is the calculation of proportion of students who got an item correct. Discrimination index is to know the ability to discriminate between high and low performance of the students .Analysis of responses helps the teacher to know what item or topic do students find hard in answering. Reaction: Item writing and selection is an important part of evaluation. It is a process of creating and selecting a set of test to be utilized to determine the learners’ status after the learning process. Items may vary depending upon the lesson or subject taken. It must really test the skills that were taught appropriately so it will be valid. Suggestions given must be followed to achieve the desired result. This will also help the teacher to teach easily and give the appropriate approach to the students based from the results acquired.REPORT on NATURE of SMALL BUSINESS Summary: Businesses touch our lives on a daily basis. We meet them anywhere we go. We are confronted by their outputs every time we move. All of them affect our economy in one way or another. Their success of failure spells growth or decline in the economic well-being of our country. This very important se ctor of our economy is of various kinds. They may be classified according to products sold, activity, or size. According to size, they may be further classified as small, medium, or large. In many ways, they complement each other.Among the three, it is small business that is most readily seen although in some ways, it may not be so. A small business is one which is â€Å"independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation. † The term â€Å"independently owned† means ownership is by a private individual, a partnership, or a corporation. The term â€Å"not dominant† indicates that a small business does not control a sizeable share of its market. Reaction: Business, may it be small or large scale is very helpful in our economy. They are like the backbone of the economy. They support the country in many ways like giving employment.Business can be classified into different types. Each type provides different assistance not only to the economy but to the country. Putting up a business needs a careful planning because it involves investments. REPORT on ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES to EVALUATION Summary: Evaluation is systematic study that is designed, conducted and reported in order to assist a client group to judge and/or improve the worth and/or merit of some object. Using the proposed definition, the study types presented in this book was examined to see whether it fitted into one (or perhaps more) of three broad distinct groups.Covert investigations are the first type is labeled â€Å"covert evaluation,† although it might just as well be called politically controlled evaluation. Its advance organizers are implicit or explicit threats faced by the client for evaluation money. Public-relations inspired studies is a similar case of pseudo evaluation is the study that is planned, conducted, and used to serve public-relations purposes. The purpose of the study is to help the client to create a positive image for an institution, program, process, and the like. Reaction:In business, everything can happen and can be done. One kind of evaluation that caught my attention is the pseudo evaluation among other kinds of evaluation discuss. It is a kind of evaluation that gives false results just for the business to survive. People should really be aware of this because it may affect other business. REPORT on SUCHMAN and the SCIENTIFIC APPROACH to EVALUATION Summary: Suchman and the scientific approach to evaluation have three main aspects such as conceptual, methodological and administrative aspects.Suchman supported the purposes of evaluation listed by Bigman (1961) which are to discover whether and how well objectives are being fulfilled, to determine the reasons for specific successes and failures, to uncover the principles underlying a successful program, to direct course of experiments with techniques for increasing effectiveness, to lay the basis for further research on the reasons for the relative success of alternative techniques and to redefine the means to be used for attaining objectives, and even to redefine sub goals, in the light of research findings.The types of evaluation are ultimate evaluation, pre-evaluative research and short term evaluation. Categories of evaluation are effort, performance, and adequacy of performance, efficiency and process. Reaction: Suchman’s scientific approach to evaluation focuses on the conceptual, methodological and administrative aspects. It is a process that is scientifically design to have a reliable and valid outcome. REPORT on PROJECT EVALUATION Summary: Project is an investment activity where we expand capital resources to create a producing asset from which we can expect to realize benefits over an extended period of time.Evaluation is a step by step process of collecting, recording and organizing information about project results including short-term outputs and immediate and longer term project outcomes. There are many reasons why we perform evaluation, here are some: selection, monitoring, justifying, validating, improving and research. Purposes of evaluation are: to find out how well community or participants needs were met, to improve the initiative, to assess the outcomes or impacts, to understand why it does or does not work, to find out how it is operating, to assess whether its objectives were met and to assess its efficiency or cost-effectiveness.There are two types of evaluation which are formative and summative. Evaluations in relation to education are oral quizzes, written tests and performance tests. Guides in making an evaluation report are executive summary, tables of contents, background, project description, evaluation designs and methods, analysis, limitations, results and discussions and recommendations. Reaction: Project evaluation is necessary because it diminishes errors in your project.It refines your project in a way that if the results or evaluation fails due to uncertainties, you can go back to your objectives or processes and make some pencil pushing to achieve the desired outcomes. In relation to education, if the teacher, at the end of the lesson and evaluation of students, found that the results of the evaluation through examination or quiz fail, she can make some revisions perhaps in her procedure, teaching style or objectives that had been set if the learners cannot achieve it. If changes have taken place, it is for the achievement of the better outcomes.REPORT on STUFFLEBEAM’S IMPROVEMENT-ORIENTED EVALUATION Summary: Stufflebeam’s improvement-oriented evaluation has a CIPP model. The basic framework of the CIPP was: Complete Evaluation, Input Evaluation, Proper Evaluation, Product Evaluation Symptomatic Illness of Educational Evaluation by the PDK ( Phi Delta Kappa) Committee, Avoidance, Anxiety, Immobilization, Skepticism, Lack of guidelines, Poor advice, Problems that needed to addressed in improving the conceptu al base for evaluation work are definition, values, level, research design.Evaluation is the process of delineating, obtaining, and providing descriptive and Judgmental information about the worth and merit of some object’s goals, design, implementation, and impacts in order to guide decision making, serve needs for accountability, and promote understanding of the involved phenomena. The relevance of four evaluation types of decision making are context, input, process and product.An overview of the CIPP categories is the primary orientation of context evaluation is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of some object, such as an institution, a program, a target population, or a person, and to provide direction for improvement. Reaction: Stufflebeam’s improvement-oriented evaluation is a process of evaluation that follows a CIPP model or Complete, Input, Product, and Process approach. This aims to guide the implement evaluation.