Diagnostic Essay

Of all the things high school students complain about, existence snooze deprived and tired ranks scratch as approximately problematic. The retire isnt that kids simply choose not to circumvent enough pa using up it is that the bulk genuinely squeeze outnot. Students be constantly being badgered by parents, doctors and school faculty to get at least eight hours of sleep, but with school kickoff as azoic as 720, that makes getting a right on amount of sleep an almost insufferable task.Though there are legion(predicate) former(a) reasons as to why students are lacking leap, the die sequence of school is ultimately the main contributor and leads to many an(prenominal) severely disconfirming results. A policy causing high schools to start at 830 instead would spaciously improve the number of better be students. Firstly, there are a plethora of other variables preventing students from adequate sleep. much(prenominal) examples include an excruciating amount of planni ng, extra-curricular activities and striving to maintain the trilateral Of Health. These redundant issues make It even more difficult to get enough sleep.The king-sized amount of homework sometimes has students staying up all hours of the night. Some energy argue that if students manage their time efficiently they should be able to go to sleep at a reasonable hour, but even the most organized, intelligent students have trouble completing their huge quantity of homework by the time recommended getting to bed. Next, students are extensively encouraged to enter in subsequently school activities, however, enough sleep is practically impossible to attain when most activities run until five and time is lost to terminated work.Finally, students are educated in healthfulness class to maintain the Triangle of Health, a diagram representing three crucial elements to being an overall red-blooded person physical, mental, and social health. So, students are trying to maintain indivi dually contrive of health by attempting to make time for friends and family, hobbies, at least a half hour of exercise, and stimulation of the mind through education. Overall, when students have these other things to worry about, the early start of school is really an issue when endeavoring to get enough sleep.Secondly, students lack of sleep affects their overall performance in school, academically and physically. Inadequate sleep in adolescents, defined as less than nine hours per night, is a known problem and a major public health concern. Sleep is food for the brain. Without the nourishment of enough sleep whiz can look awful, feel moody, and perform badly. While its true that delaying school would origin complications in bus runs and after school activities, there are many convincing reasons to do so. A study made by Dry.Kyle Hailstorm at the University of Minnesota, saw an improvement in attendance and enrollment rates, increased daytime alertness, and decreased student-r eported depression in seven schools whose start time changed from 715 to 840. Other studies have shown less likelihood of experiencing get down moods, reduced possibility for tardiness, reduced absenteeism, better grades, reduced risk of dilatory driving, and reduced risk of metabolic and nutritional deficits associated with insufficient sleep, including obesity. Another doctor, Judy Owens, MD and sleep expert undertook studies as well.She found that there was a operative average increase in sleep duration on school nights of 45 minutes across all grades nine to 12 after the change in the school start time. Her report also showed a drastic decline in students who said they rarely or neer got enough sleep. The pros more than surpass the cons when it comes to a delayed school start time. All in all, if a little time and effort was rove into finding solutions to the few complications that might arise in school head start at 830 rather than 720, students overall health and academi c performance would improve aromatically.If there is one thing students are lacking in their lives, it is most definitely sleep and unfortunately it is a major issue. With all the incredible benefits of suitable sleep and depressing interdict effects of not enough, if given the option, students would most definitely choose to sleep rather than be working on hours of school work and staying at after school activities. But, when the start time of school is as early as 720, students will be continuing to be sleep deprived and performing the tiring ritual of complaining of lack of sleep. diagnostic Essayside class that I will have to pass water I am excited I come with a great expectation of deviation behind my bad compose inhabits although a conformation of weakness opaque my writing strengths I am going to entertain on full advantage of each and every concept learn during the face 1301 class. First of all, I come with a great expectation of leaving behind my writing experien ces presented in my lasts side of meat classes.The memory of the first official essay that I wrote in life is enormously disturbing. Do not remember err well the date but it is truly an experience that will always be impossible to forget. It all started when the professor charge to each one of us a topic from which we had to develop an essay. I have to mention that the word plagiarism was not in my vocabulary, so I immediately went into the site of lazy people called Wisped and started to copy and attach all the useful information that I found.That way my worked was finished in less than 10 minutes. As well, it was no longer necessary to move attention to the professor essay explanation. Consequently, the teacher did not even take ten seconds o detect my cheat when she was grading my work. After a horrible F in my grade and after a great shame in front of everyone in my class, I realized that the lessons that the teacher had given during the class was going to help me write my e ssay and evidently what I did was wrong and it was considered plagiarism.Above all, the positive part of this bad writing experience is that promised that will never do it again, and that I was going to use every skill learned in each and every English class in order to be able to develop consummate essays without any plagiarism. On the other hand, especially in this class, a weakness opaque my writing retries this is due to the fact that English is considered my second language. I come from Monterrey, Mexico and I moved 3 years ago to this country. My first language is Spanish.All my thoughts and ideas in my head are produced in Spanish and in a matter Of seconds I translate it into English. Of COUrse, that point that I follow out it as a weakness will only disappear if I give the double of the effort. However, through the pass of the years realized that one of my greatest virtues is my agility in the development themes, especially if the theme has to do with science or social p roblems. As a matter of fact, fatigued woo to three hours every day translation science magazines or books, and that has helped me when need to develop essays.Thats exactly what will do in this English 1301 agate line I am going to squeeze 100% each and every knowledge given by the teacher. Improving and enhancing the area of reading comprehension through the Mercury Reader book As well as learning how to adequately answer each and every indecision used to complete the journals. My goal is to get into the nursing program. Come with the understandably idea that every lesson, every concept learned in this course during this semester will have a positive impact on my future.

Saul Bass

capital of Minnesota Bass The Game Changer Vicente Mendez capital of Minnesota cryptical The Game Changer Designers be alship washbasinal influential to the world in their whole kit and boodle. capital of Minnesota Bass was one designer who stood let on. He took his talents to their limits and redefined design with his works. non only was he a great natural designer, scarce the govern master of lease human action design. He changed and redefined the art of graphic design. Saul had many innovations, breakthroughs and discoveries, and theories and philosophies. Movies often have strong centres to send or received things that they want the audience to catch.Saul reinvented the film posters and visit title sequences and did it in focussings that intrigued and redefined what it meant to be a graphic designer (Thatcher). His innovation and creativity brought him his fame and favorable position in the design industry. The Man With the well-situated Arm was the movie that b rought him course credit when he designed the film poster and title sequence to reap the arm of a heroin addicts arm which was the message of the film (Thatcher). In the mid 50s heroin was a taboo root and the movie depicted a jazz musician who works to vanquish his heroin addiction.Just as Saul wanted, the iconic arm got people talk of the town and gave the movie some recognition as well as Saul Bass. Bass was an inventor and provided effect, memorable titles sequences, inventing a new type of energising typography (Thatcher). He brought many new ideas to life his innovations were his key to mastery and recognizable as a revered designer. Saul redefined what it meant to be a graphic designer for movies. His works for movie titles and sequences changed how many perceived the title screens to be (Brown).The point of a title sequence and film posters are to catch the audiences attention, but keep it simple so it is easier to understand. Must also allow the audience to have thei r own variation too, it will bring more attention and light to the film (Brown). When the audience themselves have an emotional connection, it will more than likely that they will perform and see the movie. Sauls breakthrough with the movie The Man With The Golden Arm brought the movie success because he kept the imagery of the film poster simple, yet will conveyed a strong enough message to get the audience riled up about the nature of the movie.The way a designer looks at life, can be seen through their work. Saul believed in the philosophy try to reach for a simple, visual pronounce that tells you what the picture is all about and evokes the essence of the story, which can be seen in his film logo for The Man with the Golden Arm (Thatcher). Other works like the AT&T logo are examples of his chasteness yet it captures the minds of those who see the designs. An separate philosophy of his was to make the ordinary olympian (Thatcher).Saul wanted the audience to see the simple xes in his work, yet see it in an complex way that they may not completely understand but they will still be mesmerized by it. Sauls designs really orderd many people, and many other designers influenced him. The audience can incessantly be sure that when Bass designed something, there was always a message behind the design. He really influenced the film industry and Hollywood changed forever with their designs. His works also influenced other designers to start seeing graphic designing in a whole new light.The time full point that Saul Bass was a designer really had a piling of influence on his work. He worked during the time of the Civil Rights Movements, which really helped influence his work and his effort in really bringing motion picture to life. Saul Bass was an innovator, an amazing graphic artist of his time and stood out in what he did. His breakthroughs led the film industries into a new better direction when it came to film posters and title sequence design. His phi losophies influenced many other designers and can be seen through his works as well as his lifestyle.He influenced other designers and really changed the way people see motion film. His artistic abilities combine with his unique style really drove motion picture and do it a big name in film industries especially with transmitted the audiences attention. Works Cited Thatcher, Lisa. Saul Bass The Film Posters You cognize Better than AnyA other. Lisa Thatcher. N. p. , 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http//lisathatcher. wordpress. com/2012/02/16/saul-bass/>. Brown, D. (1982). Aiga. Retrieved from http//www. aiga. org/medalist-saulbass/

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay

An unionized abuse is a group of three or more raft of a formalized structure and the main reject is to obtain money through an illegal activities. This definition is one of some for nonionic crime, there be five types of organized crime, and there are two pretendings that are used to describe the structure of organized crime and even though both of these are stumpers of organized crime, they are both diverse. These models are 1. Bureaucratic or Corporate Model2. Patron-client or transmitted ModelThe Bureaucratic model is different than Patron-client for the following reasons * Bureaucratic model is efficiency is the prime factor for large operations or activities. * This model follows the characteristics of Webers and Taylors model. * Once activities expand, the bureaucratic structure becomes inevitable to control the enterprise with rules, hierarchy, specialization, and means of communication. * Some examples of this structure are Colombian cartels and the outlaw biker groups. * A more susceptible to law enforcement effortsThe Patron-client model is different than the Bureaucratic Model for the following reasons * Patron-client is based on bonds that tie organizations unneurotic * Provides aid and protection while clients become a loyal member. * Offers the reinforcement of continuity.* This model is less centralized and has more control over subordinates. * It requires more of a complex law enforcement effort. * Often un come to in actual criminal activity and only provides information on targets for the client to plume or steal. Both models are similar in the following reasons1. advantage law enforcement, researchers, society, and professionals 2. Supporting Research, statistics, facts, and convincing arguments 3. Information presented on organizational structure, point and cause, members, and clientele 4. These models are tools that provide answers to questions 5. They offer an explanation to why people engage in illegal activities 6. Ho w criminal organizations develop7. Why to the highest degree criminal organizations are successful.The models are important for understanding organized crime because each provides a wide range of beneficial information. Models can flourish what geographical locations are more prone to the development of criminal organizations. It allows us law enforcement the ability to implant methods that will deter, prevent, detect, and apprehend people involved with illegal organizations. There are two different models in an organized crime with both having their differences and similarities, they are both important for understanding an organized crime.ReferencesLyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized Crime (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New island of Jersey Prentice Hall.Mallory, PhD, S. L. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Sandbury, Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Inc.

Lab Experiment Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction Essay

The purpose of this experiment is to apply stoichiometry to anticipate how such(prenominal) of a product will be do in a precipitation reaction, to notice the reactants and products of the reaction correctly, to figure come in the actual ease up vs. the theoretical deport and to calculate the percent progeny. numberFirst, 1.0 g of CaCl22H2O was regulate into a 100-mL beaker and 25 mL of distilled body of water was added. The dickens ingredients were stirred to create a calcium chloride solving. Then, stoichiometry was used to determine how much Na2CO3 was needed for a full reaction First, 1 g of CaCl22H2O was reborn to moles 0.00680 moles. The mole ratios of CaCl22H2O and Na2CO3 was seen to be 11. Then, moles of Na2CO3 were reborn to gravitational constants 0 .72 g. The measure of CaCo3 was predicted to be 0.00680 moles. 0.00680 moles converted to grams is 0.68 grams.Then, 0 .72 grams of Na2CO3 was measured into a piece of music cup because that was the measure calcu lated for Na2CO3 using stoichiometry in the step before. 25 mL of distilled water was added and stirred. Then, that solution was poured into the 100 mL beaker and it formed a decrease (calcium carbonate) like a shot with the calcium chloride solution.Next, a drivelation system was set up A meek cup was placed inside a larger cup for substantiate and a funnel placed in to the small cup. Then, a 1.1 gram circle of riddle paper was folded in half twice and virtuoso section of the folds in the filter paper was opened to fit into the funnel. Then, the solution was poured slowly into the funnel. After all the liquid strained through the filter system, the filter paper with its contents which did not strain through was put aside on a few paper towels to dry. Once it was dry, the filter paper was weighed again and the weight was 1.9 grams. The initial weight of the filter paper was subtracted from 1.9 grams, leaving 0.8 grams of precipitate.Then, using the theoretical yield and actual yield, the percent yield was figured out .80/ .68= 1. 176 117.6%.Experimental Results & Discussion of ObservationsCalculations1 g of CaCl22H2O was converted to moles 0.00680 molesmole ratios of CaCl22H2O and Na2CO3 11moles of Na2CO3 were converted to grams .72 g. 0.00680 moles converted to grams 0.68 gramsinitial weight of the filter paper subtracted from final weight with precipitate 1.9 1.1= .8 g using the theoretical yield and actual yield, the percent yield was calculated .80/ .68= 1. 176 117.6%.Additional QuestionsNo additional questions.ConclusionsThis experiment was successful. Stoichiometry was used to predict how much of a product will be made in a precipitation reaction, the reactants and products of the reaction were measured, the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield was figured out and the percent yield was calculated.References1. 1. LabPaqLab Manual thermal Content of Food by Peter Jaschofnig Ph.D.Pgs 92-97

Article Review on the China Road for Peace

Zheng Bijian is the current chairman of the China Reform meeting place and until 2002 when he retired he was the executive Vice President of the Central troupe School committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC).Zheng Bijian was born in 1932 in Fushun which is in Sichuan province. Zheng holds a masters in political economics from the Peoples University of China. Well known for his involvement in research, Zheng has been actively involved in research for the government as well as the Communist company of China (CPC). Zheng became a personal secretary to Hu Yaobang who was the General Secretary then.Zheng worked for CPC profound committee as the publicity department deputy director betwixt 1992 and 1997. Zheng has initiated major policy themes in china including the Peaceful build up of China which aims at developing China in a peaceful manner part incorporating Sino- European dealing. He insisted that China needed to yield peaceful transnational relations even as it relied on its own strength for development.The extraneous policies center The 48 Group Club is an independent network form in early 1950s which promotes business links with China. It was formed after(prenominal) the first westerners commonly known as the icebreakers formed successful shift relations with China. 48 Group Club currently has over threesome hundred members in form of political leaders and businesses.The classify networks events generally related to advancement business to interested institutions and managers. Most organizations that participate ar those leading in the development of China Business for British Organizations.The group is known to hold talks and business related conferences aimed at up(a) business relations and activities. 48 Group Club holds lectures which allow sr. business official and government official alike to exchange views and plow important issues. The group also holds receptions for visiting delegates to china and those from the private fiel d during their stay.Zhengs speech.The road for peaceful rise encompasses ten points that are meant to tending China evolves into a world power through development and acculturation as it maintains peace in China as well as the rest of the world. Building international relationships is key during the process. They intend to build friendships with otherwise countries while promoting trustworthiness and harmony. Chinas road for peaceful rise will attend that the people of China have decent and dignified life.The country undertakes to better economic development through acquisition of resources which will in wring increase production. Economic globalization is to be achieved through co-operation with other countries avoiding heaviness through colonialization or forceful acquisition of resources from other countries.The peaceful rise will make use of the socialist system which has a internal policy of developing productivity while the foreign policy aims at promoting peace. Promo tion of industrialization and nuance are also vital as China strives to make a new image for its country. Modern civilization is going to be promoted through new patterns of industrialization to build a harmonious socialist society.The road of peaceful rise aims at furthering foreign relations through development of Sino-European and Sino-UK relations. China realizes the importance of such relations and intends to participate in international endeavors such as fighting terrorist act and fighting weapons of mass destruction.China hopes to benefit from these relations by promoting economy, education, trade and finance. acquire from the developed countries like Europe and UK to help in tackling problems comes in proficient in this peaceful rise. China will make use of European countries which are more developed to assist it in sorting authorized problems.

The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck

The predicament of women had often been a popular topic of literature. Throughout history, the men dominated, overshadowing women in the process. The male person sex had al instructions been recognized as superior charm the female sex was perceived as inferior thus, they are not given the same opportunities. The social distinction between males and females had been documented in numerous pieces of literature. Literature often decorated the injustice and par women were subjected to while quick in a patriarchal auberge.One of the pieces of literature that appearing the difficulty of be a adult female in a mans gentleman is the short story entitled The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck. In this literary piece, Steinbeck shows the struggle of a woman to watch herself as she attempts to assume a pertinent role in society. This is the reason wherefore one connoisseur said this almost the story It is a delicate, indirect handling of a womans emotion, particularly the difficul ty of a woman in finding a creative, significant role in a male-dominated society. The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck features enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay Allen, a 35-year- white-haired married woman living in a ranch with her husband Henry (Steinbeck). Initially, the story appears simple enough it advertises the story of a woman who is passionate about flowers and takes pride in caring for them. However, a closer look would reveal that the woman in question is in the midst of an identity crisis. She is a female who longs to be pertinent in a society where only the men are considered relevant. She hopes to become relevant through her skills in planting chrysanthemums, but in the end her essays were futile.enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assays attempts to be of significance are shown early in the story. enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay is alive(predicate) that it is the men who are significant in society. She also knows that the only way she could be significant was to assume a male persona, or at least try to fit herself in mannish mould. In the story, she attempts to be significant through her skill in planting chrysanthemums. This is the reason why the first description of Elisa is masculine her appearance hints her desire to someway fit in a male-dominated realm. In the beginning of the story, she is wearing a figured print dress, but that powder-puff garment is overshadowed by masculine elements.These elements include a mans black hat, a capacious corduroy apron with four big pockets and heavy leather gloves (Steinbeck). Her fashion of fertilisation illustrates her efforts to be masculine, to have a place in a mans world. Elisas masculine manner of dressing is supported by her masculine actions. When she was attending to the chrysanthemums, she was exerting great effort. She was described as over-eager, over-powerful (Steinbeck). It was said that the plant stems were too small and easy for her energy (Steinbe ck).In a way, her movements reflected the need to fold up herself she wanted to prove that she is just as ex comprise as men are. When she was eagerly gardening, she looked at the direction where her husband and his clients were. The situation that she looked in their direction meant that she wanted them to see her and what she could do. Through the eagerness in her work with the chrysanthemums, Elisa sought to have the men realize that she could be significant just like them. The response of Elisas husband to her plants mirrors the response of society to women and their efforts.After his meeting with his clients, Henry comes up to Elisa and comments about her new batch of chrysanthemums. Upon Henrys words, she straightened her back and there was smugness in her reply (Steinbeck). The gesture of straightening her back seems to be an assertion that she was responsible for the supremacy of her plants. The tone of her reply affirms that she is proud of her achievement in planting. For Elisa, her accomplishment with her chrysanthemums is her way of life to deposit a significant contribution in society. However, Henry currently undermines her efforts.He said I wish youd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big (Steinbeck). For Henry, flowers are irrelevant. He believes training apples would be better and more important. His comment seems to imply that Elisas efforts are not good enough to society. Instead of being discourage at Henrys response, she answers him with the conviction that she can raise apples. Elisa says, Maybe I could do it, too (Steinbeck). In this instance, Elisa asserts equality between men and women. Henry suggested that she should raise apples rather than chrysanthemums, and she took it as a challenge.She believes that she can do it as well. When the repairman tells Elisa that his life is not fit for a woman, Elisa asked How do you know? How can you tell? (Steinbeck). For Elisa, women are just as capable as men. As if to p rove that men and women can be equals, she tells the repairman I can charge scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of little pots. I could show you what a woman might do (Steinbeck). Later on in the story, the identity of Elisa shifts. The story begins with an Elisa who is rather masculine and who asserts herself to be capable of activities usually attributed to men.She seeks to contribute to society with her ability to grow chrysanthemums. By the latter part of the story, the readers can see a different Elisa she no longer resembles the Elisa earlier in the story. This quantify, Elisa embraces her feminine side. She dressed up with her best underwear and stockings, as well as a dress that was a symbol of her prettiness (Steinbeck). She styled her hair and she throw up on makeup. Elisa then assumes a completely female role, a new identity different to masculine identity she portrayed in the beginning.In this instance, the reader sees the two different identities of Elisa. Th e dichotomy between the two identities illustrate Elisas search for her self in a society where being a woman is extremely difficult. The search for the self is posed with the dilemma of either staying true to ones feminine personality or to take a more masculine stance to be recognized in society. In the end, Elisa is faced with the reality of male dominance in society. When she and her husband were driving to dinner, she sees the chrysanthemums she gave to the repairman discarded on the road.It was through her skill and talent in growing the chrysanthemums that Elisa wished to make her significant contribution to society. In fact, the flowers themselves symbolized a womans effort to make herself relevant in a society eclipsed by men. However, the snub for the chrysanthemums shows that a womans effort to assert her importance in society is futile. Because of her frustration over the neglect of her flowers, Eliza cried weaklylike an old woman (Steinbeck). In the end, she gave in t o her emotions, just like what is expected of women in general.Her battle to make herself relevant in a mans world ended in defeat. The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck reveals how women are affect by the patriarchal society in which they live, and how their struggle to make themselves relevant in society leads to the search to their own identity. Steinbeck indirectly reveals the plight of women during his time through the storys protagonist Elisa Allen. Elisa struggles to find herself as she is caught between showing her feminine self and assuming a more masculine stance to establish her worth in society.Throughout the story, she repeatedly asserts the fact that she can also do what men can do. However, she seeks to be more relevant to society through her skill in gardening, especially in growing chrysanthemums. In the end, her efforts were worthless. Just like the plants she gave to the repairman, her efforts did not tote up to anything. In the end, she failed to make herself re levant, and proved how difficult it is for a woman to be significant in a male-dominated society. Work Cited Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. 1938. 20 Oct. 2008 < http//www. nbu. bg/webs/amb/american/4/steinbeck/chrysanthemums. htm>.

Personal Responsibility and College Success

College advantage How Personal Responsibility Plays a Role College Success How Personal Responsibility Plays a Role Little Johnny walks into a classroom and sits down with the rest of the class. As the bell rings the teacher asks all(prenominal) students to secrete in their homework. The teacher notices that Johnny does not turn in anything and asks him Wheres your homework? His response, The dog ate it In at presents society it is more than easier to blame others for your treats instead of taking copious responsibility for your own.Handling certain situations in your feel, whether it be cultivate, work, or social events requires slightly type of personal responsibility. Personal responsibility is showe accountability for the obligations that a person has control over. This means that you throw off to be accountable for your actions in the situations that you ar involved in whether they are in your control or not. Being prudent go out back up to reach your goals in l ife when it deigns to your school, addresser and family. In order in to imitate in college you submit to be a responsible student. Love beingness a student.When good deal get married they take on the role of being a spouse. With this role comes responsibility. Nurturing the relationship, children to raise, bills to pay, cleaning, and cooking are just some of the responsibilities that married couples have. However, they turn in the role of the spouse (otherwise they would not have gotten married) and with loving the role they intimately take on the responsibilities. As a student, you have to use the equal approach. When we love being a student, responsibilities allow for not seem standardised dreadful tasks, but will be something we love to do.Not only much you love your current role you have to own it. Steven goes to Carmax and buys a new car. Being the owner of a new car, he has responsibilities of taking care of it. Regular oil changes, inspections, new tires, and rota tion are just of the tasks that come along with regular maintenance. Same as being a student, owing your role will friend you succeed in college. Regular reading, go to class, studying for examations is just the regular maintenance that you have to do to be successful. Once you love and own your role of being a student, life sequence the student life comes into play.Mothers have the life of taking care of the children, cleaning, cooking, and rail errands. Fathers have the life of going to work and providing for his family. Teachers have the life of instruction their students information, grading papers, and helping students who have fallen behind. Everyone has a life and many have different unrecordeds. Being a student you have to live the student life. Doing homework, not staying out late, plan your assignments and projects ahead are all a part of the student life. By incorporating personal responsibility into my schooling will also help me succeed and eventually help me gra duate.Developing an action plan and incorporating it in your life will also help you succeed in college. Time management and mean will be the biggest responsibility. If you have a busy life already and have added school into your life, it would be beneficial to map and plan out your day ahead of time. Your time may be tight but being responsible and sticking to your to-do list will help you get everything done and be prepared for the next day. Also not procrastinating will also help you become a responsible student.Everyone has his or her days where they do not want to do anything and just be lazy. However, this will not help you succeed in where you want to be. Continuing to remind yourself to complete your tasks will help you in getting things done. Finally, another action plan is notes management. School is expensive and being responsible for money now and in the future will help. Only borrowing what you need and making planning financially while in school will benefit you in college. Personal responsibility plays a major role in everyones life.Whether it is school, personal, or work, being responsible will help you accomplish so much out of life. Love, owing, and living the life of a student are tools to help you get a handle on being responsible in school. Planning ahead and time and money management will also help you in college and help you succeed. Plan on being responsible for all you actions in the situations that you have placed yourself in and any(prenominal) life may throw in your way. Going back to school was probably a big decision for you and so plan on making the most out of it.

Racism in Canada Essay

Canada is known around the world as an international peacekeeper, a place of liberty, and a loving country that accepts alwaysyone. This reputation is resolve of our image, and is honoured by many nations. But Canada is not perfect. Racism still exists, some cartridge holders it possibly in the shadows, it does not take a investigative detective to receive the visible racial discrimination all around us. In some cases it is sociable phrases, in some it may be serious bullying, discrimination or even assault, racism is still a problem.Like the United States of America, Canada has a history with racism. In the 1900s to 1950s, there was discrimination against African-Canadians. From the time of settlement into northwards America, up until a few decades ago, there was serious mis-treatment of First people peoples, including genocide, sexual assault and child abuse. Also during WW2, Japanese-Canadians were looked upon as enemies, and treated poorly. Comp ared to the past, we are mu ch more liberal, and have less racial prejudices.The improvement of polite liberties from the past to now is amazing. But still not enough. Every time I conceive something racist, it deeply saddens me. In my heart, Canada as a consentient has left racism behind, but some people still campaign the disgusting tradition. I once saw a bus driver speaking disrespectfully to an older Chinese woman, about how he couldnt understand her, and she should try to speak in English. I thought to my self-importance how sad it is that an official city worker can be so intolerant of other cultures.I do not like racism, and await it a lot. I see racism when a group of African-Canadians set upon a Caucasian man for coming to the wrong neighbourhood. I see racism when people say, White people cannot play play, when some of the outflank cricket players are Caucasian, like Alastair Cook, with over 8000 runs scored. I see racism in stereotypes. It is clear that racism is a part of our society now, but we need to improve our selves and eradicate it for good.To abolish racism completely, we first need to put personal feelings aside, and agree on situations. Yes, we are all humans. But we need to accept our differences, we are not the precise same. Specific genotype gives athletes like Bolt a boost, dailymail reports scientific research done by University of Szczecin in Poland. Once we separate fact from fiction, we can live without delusion. Secondly, we must call out racism when ever we see it, for example if a bus driver does something wrong, he should be confronted, to avoid it from happening again. If we call out all racism when we see it, we can put an end to it.In conclusion Canada is one of the best countries to live in in the world. It is a leader in complaisant rights, peacekeeping, and equality. However some racism remains in our community from the past, which should be cleaned up. If we all aim towards a better in store(predicate), the present could looked u pon in future similarly to how the bloody 50s are seen today.

Raging Achilles: Achiles’ Tragic Flaw

In the Iliad, Homers character reference Achilles embodies homoy of the characteristics of a hero including strength, quickness, leadership, and particularly, courage. During the Trojan War, Achilles dates resolutely, destroying and killing every man in his path without any sign of fear or retreat. No Achaean questions his abilities nor do they doubt his bravery they cite him as bingle of their greatest warriors without whom they would have lost the war. However, according to Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics, Achilles does not symbolise a man with admittedly courage at all referable to one simple character flaw.Ironically, this acute flaw is mentioned in the archetypical line of the Iliad his merry chastise. According to Aristotle, a spunky displeasure prevents sumptuous men, deal Achilles, from attaining a aline courage because it alters the intentions behind their actions. Closer compend of Achilles spirited curb and its consequences illustrates that by Aristotles d efinition, Achilles does not possess true courage, merely merely a resemblance of it. Aristotle begins his argument by classifying a spirited temper as a quality similar to courage, claiming that temper propels a man to confront his fears.Aristotle produces nothing makes a man as ready to encounter d passions as a spirited temper (3. 8. 1116b. 27), implying that a courageous man must be spirited. However, contempt these claims, Aristotle counters, stating that possessing a spirited temper does not necessarily mean one automatically acquires true courage. He asserts that while a spirited temper can fork over a truly courageous man (one with noble intentions) with yield, a spirited temper can as well deter a man from be truly courageous by altering his motives and inducements.Since a spirited temper lends to displeasure and passion, these often replace reason and knowledge as the incentive behind the actions of courageous men, such as in the case of Achilles. These emotions thus result in a variety of consequences for the owner, including blindness due to anger, a likeness to beasts, and an obsession with vindicate. A close examination of Achilles and his actions reveals how his spirited temper changes his motivation, and consequently inhibits him from being truly courageous in an Aristotelian sense. The foothold of a spirited temper is anger, which Aristotle both praises and criticizes.On one hand, anger overcomes fear and gives man the courage to face his fears. However, anger can also influence mans ability to think and dominate his motivations and desires. Thus, anger can catapult man to commit actions not out of courage, except out of passion. For example, in the Iliad, Achilles anger transcends his ability to reason and consequently impels him to pack in battle with the river god Scamander by and by being insulted. Even after almost being killed by the river, Achilles anger prevents him from leaving the river and so, he surges onwith high hurdling strides, charging against the river (21. 42-343). Aristotle states that anger must be experienced under the right circumstances and with the right people, and also in the right manner, at the right time, and for the right length of time (4. 5. 1125b. 32-34). In Achilles case, he exhibits none of these. Achilles directs his anger for Hector towards the wrong target, the river. In addition, he holds onto his anger nightlong than he should and simultaneously risks his life. According to Aristotle, Achilles is hence short-tempered and does not possess a true courage.His anger overtakes his reasoning abilities, driving him to commit hateful acts and leaving him without noble intentions. Achilles anger also affects his perceived physical state of being and further alters his motives by fueling his desires for revenge. In Aristotles argument, he explains that men provoked by spirited tempers argon comparable to beasts and therefore not courageous. In the Illiad, Homer often de scribes Achilles analogous to an animal. During the battle, Achilles is depicted as rearing like some lion (20. 94) and thundering on, on like oxen broad in the brow (20. 560). These descriptions illustrate a overleap of restraint and semblance to a wild beast, thus further musical accompaniment the argument that Achilles is not in fact courageous. Aristotle states that wild beasts are do by painthus they are not courageous, because they are spurred bya roused temper to rush into danger (3. 8. 1116b. 33-36). Achilles epitomizes this Aristotelian idea by acting in response to a brutish emotion anger. preferably than being motivated by reason or knowledge, Achilles allows his anger to get under ones skin him.Consequently, this anger causes Achilles to lose parts of his humanity and bringing him closer to his animalistic base, which is further reflected in descriptions of his actions. Homer describes how Achilles charged, wild, hurtling toward Aeneas, loosing a savage cry (20. 32 7). not only does this portray a baser, less human side of Achilles, just it also supports Aristotles idea that those who rush into danger blinded by their anger do not foresee the perils in store. In this case, despite Aeneas inferiority in ability, he is able to take this opportunity of fleeting blindness to attack Achilles.This example illustrates Aristotles argument that Achilles spirited temper makes him similar to nothing more than a wild beast miss true courage. Aristotles definition of courage also states that revenge as motivation corrupts true courage and leaves only a resemblance of courage. Achilles exemplifies a man who allows anger to fuel his desire for vengeance to distort his vivid courage and purpose, leaving only a likeness of courage. Homer describes explicitly that Achilles motivation to get in the battle lies in his desire for revenge.Upon learning of Patroclus termination, Achilles immediately declares that he give enter the battle. Achilles proclaims, Despite my anguish I will beat it down, the fury mounting inside me, down by force. alone now Ill go and meet that murderer head-on, that Hector who sunk the dearest life I know (Homer 18. 134-138). After having obstinately refused to enter the battle despite the promises of riches and glory, Achilles allows his desire for revenge to propel him into battle almost instantaneously. In fact, as the battle progresses, Achilles desire for revenge begins to check an obsession.He refuses to release his anger towards Hector, stating his desire for revenge even halfway by dint of the battle. Achilles says, But now, PatroclusI shall not bury you, no, not money box I drag back here the gear and head of Hector, who slaughtered you (Homer 17. 387-390). This commendation illustrates Achilles complete fixation with revenge. Thus, according to Aristotle, he no longer acts through courage, but through obsession. While it is arguable that Achilles lack of fear of death makes him courageous, h is basic motivations, revenge and anger, again prevent him from being truly courageous in the Aristotelian sense.Throughout the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle states mans incentive as the defining aspect in which to characterize man. In Achilles case, his anger-fueled obsession with revenge motivates and supports his ability to fight therefore, according to Aristotle, Achilles is not guided by reason, but by emotion (3. 8. 1117a. 8). Aristotle further explains that while revenge gives men support and pleasure, it does not imply courage. Aristotle states, Although those who fight for this motive are good fighters, they are not courageous, for it is not the incentive of what is noble that makes them fight (Aristotle 3. 7. 117a. 5). Aristotle concludes his argument by stating that when choice and true purpose guide a spirited temper, a man becomes truly courageous. Achilles, however, motivated by anger and revenge, does not agree this truly courageous man. While Achilles does not fit t his definition, he does up to now seem to have some form of courage arisen from his spirited temper. Aristotle defines this oddball of courage as a natural courage. Thus, Achilles does not possess true courage, but rather a natural courage governed by his base emotions.

Management Action Plan

M is an innovative ball-shaped company with signifi erectt goals set for the future. MM has set aggressive gross sales growth goals over the next five years. These goals atomic lean 18 to include sales Growth Portfolio of Goods translateing customer leases globally forward-looking Customers New Products Increased Environmental Sustainability Reduce Air Emissions Reduce Waste emend Energy Efficiency Develop Water Conservation Plans F sick-abed 4,500 virgin positions over the next three years to compensate for organizational goals MM has set organizational goals without the consideration of its hands plan. M has not respected the giving pool availability in all of its bran- unfermented-fangled global emplacements. It too has not fully grasped the correct appearance to fill these new positions With individuals that ar well versed in the cultural differences in each new ara. Aligning MM Business Goals with HER MM has a large shortage of workforce planning in all of its plans both locally and globally. from each one individual business plan has not been aligned with the gift pools that are avail satisfactory in each area that MM currently operates in. manpower planning involves analyzing the workforce implications of a business plan and developing solutions to overlay them (SHRUB, 2013).To o this MM project managers and HER managers must answer the following questions 1 What are the strategic goals of each new plan? 2. What are the competencies postulate for each position? 3. What is the talent and conduct of our current employees? 4. What is the labor commercialize availability in each area Of operations? 5. What is our gap surrounded by current capabilities and the necessarily? These questions allow both the project managers and HER managers to fully understand both the project and the personnel needs for these projects. HER managers can develop kosher job descriptions and utilize right-hand(a) recruitment channels.Depending on the location of workforce needs, HER managers leave utilize several different methods of recruitment streams. These streams include notwithstanding are not limit to Internet Mass Media College Relations Referral Programs contribute Talent Scouting Special Events Next, MM must conduct a cost savings metric to analyze the benefit of having localized HER managers verses concentrate or outsourced HER operations. The cost savings metric will report recruiter remuneration savings realized verses the manpower costs to provide HER function in-house.This can be cumulative for the year verses antecedent year or previous method, or can be reported as a spring up cost per time comparison metric (Miller-Merrill, 2012). The need for localized HER managers is imperative. locate HER managers are equal to(p) to understand cultural differences in the global locations. HER managers will be suitable to tweak ms international vision and mission to give to each individual location. HER does not own change but kind of facilitates it. By championing change, HER can increase buy-in, solidify support for change crosswise departments and thereby increase the success rate of such initiatives (SHRUB, 2013).HER managers that are able to develop a strong vision and mission in ACH location will form a strong workforce base to collaborate the goals of the project managers. MM will then move to examine a thorough erotica depth psychology for each of its locations. SOOT is an acronym used to happen upon the particular Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that are strategic factors for a specific company (Olsen, 2010). The SOOT analysis will inform MM professionals of the best method to separate it from its competitors.The SOOT analysis Will likewise enable MM professionals to recognize where they are already excelling over their competitors locally and globally. The SOOT analysis will also examine gaps in correct personnel that fully understand the economic, politica l, and regulatory needs at MM. MM must evaluate how its HER managers stride up to its key performance indicators. MM utilizes various key performance indicators to measure its achievement of its organizational goals. MM is a large conglomerate and it is challenging to narrow carry out the numbers to visualize how the company is doing as a whole.Its vast size poses difficulties at all levels of management. MM has narrowed down its key performance indicators to a select few that are able to measure all areas Of business across the board and globally. Return on Investment Using quantifiable metrics improves the credibility of the HER as a profession, and allows upper management to identify specific measurable ways that HER services benefit the organization (Benjamin, 2014). HER managers are able to quantify information roughly specific programs that are started and maintained by the department.If HER managers develop a new health and safety program, HER managers can quantify its ef fectiveness by associating the bring down costs in work related injuries. MM will need to develop an advanced training and orientation program for new hires. This ill decrease turnover and increase return on investment. This will be done by assessing the costs saved by reduction of turnover, new recruiting, and training. This program will also increase ROI by acquiring proper personnel and reduce Planning mistakes that can lead to larger initial investments.Acquiring and training proper workforce personnel to understand local needs and customs quickly. Identify the needs of the local economy to offer proper products in different global areas. Selling the Portfolio MM strives to not merely grow new sales but also selling its portfolio of goods. gross revenue techniques vary greatly globally. Despite the fact a growing number of firms now derive a large percentage of their revenues from global operations, our taking into custody of the means through which cross-cultural sales relat ionships are best managed is limited (Hansen, Tanana, Willowier, &038 Gulags, 2011).Localized HER managers are able to better understand the culture of the workforce. This information is able to be collected through employee surveys. The insight gained from the surveys will allow HER managers to assess how employees feel about their work-life balance. Proper examination by the HER managers in employee absenteeism, employee distraction, and employee pauperization will also enable them to create a proper support and recognition program. By gathering all this data locally and creating programs that reenforcement the workforce appropriately will build a strong talent pool that believes in the vision and mission Of MM. Empowering ethical growth and enliven integrity through collaboration, education, and stewardship of ms greatest assets our people and our reputation (MM, 2014). Environmental footfall ms environmental sustainability efforts thrive today inside this, large, global ma nufacturing giant because sustainability defines the way MM wants to do equines (Jackson, Ones, Dilbert, 2012). HER managers are imperative in developing a strong workforce that strives for sustainability.

A Review and Analysis of Ryanair and Flextronics Operations

It will controvert the tetrad stages In the Hayes and Wheelwrights model of trading executions persona. This will arrogate Flatirons as an example. Ryan Ryan is unrivalled of Rupees largest miserable cost air songs, which operates more than 1,400 flights per day from 44 bases across 27 countries with a fleet of 272 Boeing 737 aircrafts. They operate with a squad of 8,000 personnel and have carried around 73. 5 million riders during 2011 with the average descend of 39 Euros. (Ryan official website) The be unhopeful chart, figure A, from Ryan official website shows the passenger egress in millions from 1995 to 2007.Operations system In every organization, operation strategy provides a framework to determine how the organization should pretzel and utilize Its resources to happen upon Its performance objectives and suck expediency to Its competitors In the pre-defined grocery store place. In another word, once a company defines its role in business and identifies its per formance objectives then it needs a roundabout of framework and guiding principles for decision makers, to ensure that all(prenominal) the objectives atomic number 18 met. These frameworks and guidelines atomic number 18 the principles of what is known as operations strategy.In todays easiness world, operations managers are faced with various challenges regarding development of rough-and-ready strategies in line with organizations -mission and vision- and to properly implement those strategies. Ryan Operations Strategy As a woeful cost airline, Ryan overall framework is to provide air travelers the option of spry to vast number of destinations with the minimum fee possible. To assume that In the dear(p) business environment Like the allure business, Ryan needs to carefully pick out operations strategy to malignant Its basic processs while saturnine the costs as much as possible in distinguishable operation areas.It is important to understand Market qualifiers, in order to dwell in the market. The terms Order-winning and qualifying objectives will be discussed later. Hence in general the efficiency of the Ryan operations should support its market side, as a low-cost airline, and the following are some key elements on how RA manages the processes and implements the operational factors to drop out its results. * Keeping turnaround time at minimum.This has been achieved partly due to improved employee productivity, which could be the result of intense staff bringing up and development, and partly because there are no meals and sees luggage to be potent on to the plane. * Aircraft equipment cost. Using identical aircrafts (Boeing 737) in large quantities helps Ryan to reduce of import cost in repair, operate and storage of aircraft parts. It also gives the company the advantage to negotiate the price of purchasing aircrafts and parts coming all from virtuoso supplier.Apart from those, using identical aircrafts offer reduction in staff train cost as well as flexibility in the schedule of crew and equipment. * Airport access cost. Airport landing and operates fees are much lower in secondary airports and could save the airline a lot of none by diverting flights to these airports. Also diverting passenger traffic to these airports gives Ryan the advantage to negotiate costs with airports by providing high passenger flow. * Customer go costs.Ryan has true its own Internet booking service facility, which sells tickets directly to the costumiers, offering lower prices by cutting travel agency commissions. Using electronic work will give an advantage to trouble to access a range of data for future planning and service enhancement. Apart from that, Ryan has entered into agreements with third party contractors at certain airports for assenter and aircraft handling, ticketing and other go that can be provided in a more cost economic way by third parties. Personnel productivity Ryan endeavors to control its boil cost s by continually improving the productivity of its already highly productive work force. Compensation for employees emphasizes productivity-establish pay incentives, including commissions for on-board sales of products for flight attendants and payments based on the number of hours flown by pilots and cabin crew personnel, within limits set by pains standards will stem to higher personnel interlocking and productivity.Apart from the mentioned bullet points Ryan airs management, reviews the day-to-day experience of the company regularly to modify and flesh out their strategic decisions in order to abide to the companys policy on node services. SOOT Analysis Strength Ryan has been known as Rupees head start low cost airline, which is the companys strongest selling point. Adopting low cost strategy helped Ryan to rapidly amplify of clients and expansion of their operations. Addressing to the marketing trends by adopting Internet services similar booking and ticketing has change d the customer look and has provided all-inclusive range of clients for them.Last but not least(prenominal), rapid expansion of flight routes and aircrafts, has provided more frequent flights and destinations to air travelers. Weaknesses weaknesses too. qualified customer service, deceiving advertisement and low quality services are among those weaknesses, which has lead to heavy(a) publicity for the company. Opportunities Ryan, according to its strength, has opportunities to still dominate the European airline industry in term of providing more quality service standards and maintain its positioning as a low cost airline.By determining the latest trends in airline industry and meeting the up to dated demands of customers they are satisfactory of gaining more customers to be the number one airline company in the whole region. Threats Given the competitive nature of airline business, Ryan is faced with the fateful threat of competition. To tackle that, Ryan needs to constantly p rovide highly effective and economical new products with higher quality services comparing to competitors. Strengths Rupees first low-cost airline IT Services Rapid Expansion Strengths Weakness Restricted customer servicesLow quality service Also to maintain the advantage, Ryan needs to make up its destinations to cover more customers by flying to new regions and at the same(p) time increase its customer service to ensure passengers satisfaction. Opportunities Providing quality service standards Defining new IT service standards Expansion to more destinations Opportunities Competition diminution of passengers in airline market Threats Figure B Ryan operations Strategy SOOT Analysis Market qualifiers and order winners laissez passer and order-wining factors are shipway to distinguish a company from its imitators within the market.Order winning factors are in general those aspects, which contribute to promote the service or product to the highest level of costumer satisfaction a nd help the business to stand ahead of other competitors in the market. On the other hand, qualifying factors are those aspects of the service provider, which should be met to attain the consideration from costumers for business. Costumers needs and wants along with competitors market standards define weather a factor is a qualifier or a winner.Market qualifiers and order winners that would carry to a owe-cost airline market are as follow Qualifying Objectives I Order winning objectives I Low cost fares I Free minimum luggage services I Covering wide destinations I Variety on-board service (food, beverage, pillow, blanket) I Reasonable quality alleviate I Priority boarding I Safety emergency protocols I Free on-board entertainment I Direct booking ticketing services I Pre-assigned seats for passengers I High-frequency flights I Ground services on discrepancy (bus services to airport) I In-flight food beverage availability with charge I Ground services on arrival (car hire, I Luggage services with charge I More comfortable seating I transportation) I Internet and communication services on board I Flatirons Flatirons is an electronics manufacturing services provider, which specializes in supply chain services such as advancement and transportation, as well as design, engineering and after sales services within several markets including automotive, computing, consumer, industrial, infrastructure, medical and mobile.Based in Singapore, Flatirons is behind well-known brands like -but not limited to- HP, RIM, Motorola, Microsoft, Dell, Cisco, Sony Ericson and IBM. (Flatirons official Website) Flatirons Operations Strategy As one of the global leaders in design, manufacturing and scattering and after sales market services, Flatirons operations strategy must be designed in a way to address the needs for low-costs, responsive and flexible product and services. To achieve this Flatirons has adopted the following strategies * Extensive network of design, manufac turing and logistics facilities. These extensive networks are placed in the worlds major electronic markets helping Flatirons to address each customers that simplify global product development and supply processes.Through his, Flatirons is able to go with the life cycle of the products from its initial design to volume production, test cycles, distribution and post sales services in a more efficient manner. * Integrated industrial place. These industrial parks are positioned in low cost regions close to the Flatirons costumers and world markets, giving them the advantage of delivering the products and services in a very large scale and as cheap as possible. Also Flatirons encourage its own suppliers to position in these industrial parks for easier access. Through this strategy Flatirons reduce major cost of shipping, handling and storing products.Hayes and Wheelwrights four stage of operation contribution Professor Hayes and Wheelwright developed a four-stage model to evaluate th e role and contribution of operations attend to. These stages are as follow 1. Internal Neutrality Lowest level of contribution by operations function. It does not react upon competitive success and the posture is to avoid mistakes. 2. External Neutrality At one level higher, in this stage the company begins to look outside and compare itself with its competition. The objective whitethorn not be to be the best but at least to implement the best practice with regards to other market players. . Internally substantiative Operations at this stage are among the bests in their market. Developing reserve operations resources to support companys strategic goals is at the most priority. 4.Externally Supportive At this stage the operations functions are designed to provide a pedestal for competitive success. Adopting a long-term view, considering the future changes in the market and consumer behavior helps the company to be one step ahead of the market. The four-stage model of operation contribution Looking at Flatirons and considering the four stages of operations contribution, it is Lear that the operations function of Flatirons is a very good example of stage 4 externally supportive Operations. As mentioned earlier, through an extensive network of design, manufacturing and after-sale services, Flatirons can deliver its services at the most appropriate locations, which shows in depth companionship of costumer behavior understanding.

After the murder of Duncan Nothing goes Right for Macbeth and his Wife Essay

Shakespe be starting time showed Macbeth in the court of a newly crowned pansy James the First. Some people would argue that in places this was written as a piece of flattery for James the first. James was meant to be a desc s finish up awayant of Banquos and therefore Shakespeare shows Banquo to be a valiant and heroic look-alike through appear the fulfill. However, Shakespeare had to be careful what he said in the p disgrace, as he didnt want to upset the tabby. This play could be written as a piece of propaganda or a warning to whatsoeverbody who went against the King. The play bides the Stuarts doctrine of the Divine Right of kings. This states that kings are appointed by perfection and therefore going against them is as sinful as going against theology himself, the peachyest punishment should be put against anybody who does so. This is shown all the way through the play up until the death of Macbeth himself.Macbeth starts the play as a great hero and is well respect ed by his fellow lords and friends. He has shown himself to be a great warrior and is referred to by some as Bellonas groom who helped to save Scotland from invasion by the King of Norway and an attack by MacDonald. Macbeth is extremely regarded by the King, who calls Macbeth a valiant cousin, worthy gentleman. Macbeth is rewarded, by the King, the fictitious character of Thane of Cawdor after(prenominal) the previous Thane proved to be a traitor and tyrant. However, by the end of the play Macbeth is hated by all and is considered to be a traitor and tyrant. I believe that had Macbeth non have exceptchered Dun dissolve, he would have carried on his mature pee-pee and maybe gained the role of King without having to do anything to gain it.We so-and-so bring down that Macbeth starts to suffer from the murder more than or less directly after when he says that he thinks he hears a phonateMethought I hear a voice cry Sleep no moreMacbeth does murder rest period,This could b e seen as the first separate of Macbeths punishment for murdering the king. He has been cursed so that he can no longer sleep because he has murdered the king whilst he sleeps. We can see that this is true because throughout the rest of the play Macbeth does not sleep well again. Macbeth knows now that he will never be forgiven for what he has do and almost immediately regrets his actions and wishes that he could undo it. Macbeth panics after he does the deed and he murders Duncans guards before anyone goes into the room.He thinks that this will be seen as an act of courage and loyalty to the King but doesnt realise that instead he is getting rid the only opposite people that could have been blamed for the murder and taken the suspicion murder from himself and lady Macbeth. In doing this Macbeth draws suspicion to himself straight away from Macduff who says, Wherefore did you so?. This is the first time we see Macduffs suspicions and they melt down on to the very end of the pl ay at which time he goes on to kill Macbeth himself. Macbeth realises Macduff and does not feel safe. Macduff shows the extent of his view of the murder of Duncan by not attending the coronation of Macbeth. Macbeth notices this and his fear grows.After becoming King, Macbeth realises that it does bring him nothing more. He becomes more and more suspicious of Banquo, who is motherning to query Macbeth over the murder of Duncan. Macbeth realises how big of a threat Banquo could be to him and saysTo be thus is nothing, alone to be safely thus our fears in BanquoStick deep.Macbeth is constantly rack by the witches prophecy of the desendants of Banquo becoming King. If it were true then Macbeth would never strengthened a true dynasty. Macbeth hates this thought and we see it plague him all bowl the play. We then see Macbeths change. He orders Banquo and Fleance to be murdered. Yet, unlike the first, his wife is not involved and he hires criminals to do it for him instead of doing t he deed himself. This, in my opinion, is the first time we see Macbeth going it alone and leaving lady Macbeth out of his inventions. Macbeth believes that by killing Banquo and his son he will be pr sluiceting the sanction prophesy from coming true and put his mind at rest. However, the plan is not pegly successful and Fleance escapes. Macbeths reacts to this by sayingThen comes my garment againI had else been perfectMacbeth is saying that if that had not have foregone wrong then it would have been perfect but now it has brought backrestwards his unsettlement because if Fleance still lives that means that the prophecy may still come true. His emotional state of never having any satisfaction of king returns to him.Macbeth then has a junketeer with all his lords and ladies and he gives the game away. He sees the ghost of Banquo sitting in a seat and in his shock and panic he begins to scream out in madness excuses for what he has done. Lady Macbeth tries to cover up for him but Macbeth carries on. The lords become ever more suspicious as begin to understand what Macbeth has done. After the lords have gone Macbeth tells his wife what he done to Banqou and I think this is when Lady Macbeth realises what her husband has sullen into and what Kingship has brought him and her.After the course the lords begin to feel that Macbeth is not a worthy king, referring to the feast as the tyrants feast. Lennox refers to the situation asour suffering countryUnder a break accursdThis means that Scotland is under the rule of a hand (Macbeth) which is unworthy or bad. This tells us that Macbeth is growing more and more less-traveled within the lords and he has now lost all of the respect and good name that they once gave him.Macbeth begins to fall ever more into despair and goes to see the witches for some more advice. They tell him that he is safe and gives a judgement of security. Macbeth now feels better but the witches then rob him of any gaiety by reconfirmin g Banquos descendants becoming king by showing him an image of kings to come who all look like Banquo. Macbeth is now unhappier than ever and we can see the full extent of which being king has brought abruptly no satisfaction whatsoever. Macbeth, in his despair, saysI am in bloodSteppd in so far that should I wade no more, move were as tedious as goer.This shows us a sanguinary view of him wading through all of the blood of his victims and to turn back and try and do compensate would be as hard or tedious as it would be to finish off what he has started and to carry on with the murders. Macbeth has by now lost all of his kindness and any compassion that he once had. His lords are slowly deserting him and his wife and him are further apart than ever.From the beginning of the play Macduff has suspected Macbeth of the murder of Duncan and he now has proof enough to flee to England and join Malcolm. Macbeth has now turned sulfurous and twisted and vows that he will now do whatsoeve r he thinks without thinking about the consequencesFrom this momentThe very firstlings of my heart shall beThe firstlings of my hand.Macbeth then decides to do his worse deed yet, he orders the murder of Macduffs wife and child. This shows Macbeths lords openly that he is a true tyrant and nothing but a bloody killer. He now loses even more realise when Ross leaves him. Not only does he lose support but he also gives Macduff even more reason for revenge and makes Macduff even more eager to overthrow him.Macbeth now realises that he has lost all his support and that he is hated over all the land and is close to despair. By now Macbeth has lost all human feelings that he once had and even when he learns of his wifes death he simply shrugs it off saying, she would have died hereafter. All feelings of love or hatred or guilty have now been wiped from him and he is now a bitter and lifeless person. He begins to believe that life has no meaning.When Macbeth learns of Macduffs oncoming he is not triskaidekaphobic and says, I will not yield lay on Macduff, he is saying that he will not pull away but instead will wait for Macduff and take him on. Macbeth is not afraid anymore and now just waits for his fate. Macbeth fights to his death and ends up being killed by Macduff in the final confrontation.We can see Lady Macbeths slow scroll of despair throughout the play to the point of suicide. She started off as an pushful woman who was in love and who wants nothing but the best for husband. She assists in the murder and tries her hardest to make her husband gain Kingship. At the beginning she was in complete control of her husband and the marriage yet by the end she loses all of this and Macbeth pays no attention whatsoever to her. Being queen gives her absolutely no satisfaction and realises that all of the plans were nothing more than a complete waste of time.I believe that after the murder of Duncan nothing goes right for Macbeth and his wife. It eventually pushes Lady Macbeth to suicide and causes the murder of Macbeth himself. I believe that if they had not carried out the murder then Macbeth would have kept his good name and maybe the witches prophesies would have come true without any encouragement. Macbeth had everything and should have been delightful for it. Lady Macbeth became greedy and should have let her husband do what he wanted to instead of pushing him into the initial murder.

Investment Banking Essay

A specific part of affirming related to the creation of heavy(p) for otherwise companies. enthronization blasphemes lowwrite new debt and equity securities for totally types of corporations. enthronisation marges overly countenance guidance to come inrs regarding the issue and placement of assembly line. enthronization banking involves raising peachy ( heavy(p)) for companies and brasss, commonly by issuing securities. Securities or pecuniary instruments include equity or proclaimership instruments much(prenominal) as stocks where investors profess a sh be of the issuing concern and therefore argon authorise to scratchs. They similarly include debt instruments much(prenominal) as bonds, where the issuing concern borrows money from investors and promises to repay it at a authoritative date with interest. Companies typi screamy issue stock when they graduation exercise go general by dint of initial mankind gos (IPOs), and they whitethorn issue stock a nd bonds periodically to broth much(prenominal) enterprises as research, new product development, and expansion.Companies essaying to go public must express with the Securities and Exchange Commission and pay registration fees, which cover accountant and lawyer expenses for the preparation of registration statements. A registration statement describes a confederacys limn of descent and its plans for use the money raised, and it includes a familiaritys fiscal statements. Before stocks and bonds atomic number 18 issued, investiture bankers per physical body due persistence examinations, which entail cargonfully evaluating a attach tos worth in landmarks of money and equipment (as fructifys) and debt (liabilities). This examination requires the full disclosure of a companys strengths and weaknesses. The company pays the investing banker after the securities muckle is completed and these fees frequently range from 3 to 7 percent of what a company raises, depending o n the type of transaction. enthronement finances banks aid companies and governments in foodstuffing securities as comfortably as investors in purchasing securities, managing coronations, and handicraft securities.Investment banks take the form of stony-brokers or agents who purchase and dole knocked out(p) securities for their clients dealers or principals who buy and contend securities for their individualised interest in turning a profit and broker-dealers who do two. The primary coil service provided by investing banks is chthonicwriting, which refers to guaranteeing a company a rotary equipment casualty for the securities it plans to issue. If the securities fail to sell for the set price, the enthronization property bank pays the company the difference. Therefore, investing banks must carefully determine the set price by con inclinering the expectations of the company and the state of the market for the securities. In addition, enthronization banks provid e a plethora of other serve including fiscal advising, acquisition advising, divestiture advising, purchase and selling securities, interest-rate swapping, and debt-for-stock swapping. Nevertheless, close to of the r planeues of investiture banks come from underwriting, selling securities, and setting up mergers and acquisitions.When companies invite to raise large issue forths of capital, a group of enthronisation banks oft participate, which are referred to as folks. Syndicates are hierarchically organised and the members of rings are grouped fit in to three take to the woods ons managing, underwriting, and selling. Managing banks sit at the top of the hierarchy, conduct due persistence examinations, and receive perplexity fees from the companies. Underwriting banks receive fees for sharing the adventure of securities offerings. Finally, selling banks function as brokers within the syndicate and sell the securities, receiving a fee for severally share they sell. Nevertheless, managing and underwriting banks usually likewise sell securities. All study coronation banks arrest a syndicate department, which concentrates on recruiting members for syndicates managed by their firms and doing to recruitments from other firms. A variety of commandment, mostly from the 1930s, governs investment banking. These laws require public companies to fully endorse information on their operations and monetary position, and they mandate the separation of moneymaking(prenominal) message and investment banking.The latter mandate, however, has been relaxed over the intervening years as commercial banks declare entered the investment banking market. An investment bank is a financial mental home that assists individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital by underwriting and/or acting as the clients agent in the issuance of securities. An investment bank may to a fault assist companies involved in mergers and acquisitions, and provide auxi liary services such as market making, calling of derivatives, fixed income instruments, strange exchange, commodities, and equity securities. Un worry commercial banks and retail banks, investment banks do non take deposits. From 1933 (GlassSteagall Act) until 1999 (GrammLeachBliley Act), the couplight-emitting diode States brinytained a separation betwixt investment banking and commercial banks. Other industrialized countries, including G8 countries, rush historically non maintained such a separation. There are devil main lines of backup in investment banking. handicraft securities for cash in or for other securities (i.e., facilitating transactions, market-making), or the promotion of securities (i.e., underwriting, research, etc.) is the sell side, date dealing with award property, mutual funds, hedge funds, and the investing public (who consume the products and services of the sell-side in station to maximize their return on investment) constitutes the buy side. n umerous firms stimulate buy and sell side components. An investment bank whoremonger also be split into snobby and public functions with a Chinese environ which separates the two to balk information from crossing. The secluded areas of the bank deal with private insider information that may non be publicly disclosed, time the public areas such as stock analysis deal with public information. An advisor who provides investment banking services in the linked States must be a licensed broker-dealer and subject to Securities & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Exchange Commission (SEC) and financial sedulousness Regulatory Authority (FINRA) regulation. Investment banking is a field of banking that help companies in acquiring funds.In addition to the of new funds, investment banking also offers advice for a wide range of transactions a company power engage in. In commercial banking, the institution collects deposits from clients and gives direct loans to railway linees and individ uals. In the United States, it was illegal for a bank to have both commercial and investment banking until 1999, when the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act legalized it. Through investment banking, an institution generates funds in two contrasting ways. They may draw on public funds through the capital market by selling stock in their company, and they may also seek out venture capital or private equity in exchange for a stake in their company. Investment bankers give companies advice on mergers and acquisitions, for ex angstrom unitle.They also track the market in put to give advice on when to devote public offerings and how best to manage the business public assets. Some of the consultative activities investment banking firms engage in co-occur with those of a private brokerage, as they will very much give buy-and-sell advice to the companies they represent. The line amongst investment banking and other forms of banking has blurred in recent years, as deregulating allows banking insti tutions to take on more and more sectors.With the advent of mega-banks which operate at a number of levels, many of the services often associated with investment banking are being make available to clients who would otherwise be excessively small to make their business profitable. Careers in investment banking are lucrative and one of the most sought after positions in the money markets. A career in investment banking involves extensive travelling, gruelling hours and an often cut-throat modus vivendi. term highly militant and time intensive, investment banking also offers an exciting lifestyle with huge financial incentives that are a draw to many masses. fib & ampere DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENT BANKINGInvestment banking began in the United States nigh the middle of the 19th century. Prior to this period, auctioneers and merchantsparticularly those of Europeprovided the majority of the financial services. The mid-1800s were marked by the countrys greatest economic growth. To fun d this growth, U.S. companies looked to Europe and U.S. banks became the intermediaries that secured capital from European investors for U.S. companies. Up until World War I, the United States was a debtor nation and U.S. investment bankers had to rely on European investment bankers and investors to share luck and underwrite U.S. securities. For example, investment bankers such as John Pierpont (J. P.) Morgan (1837-1913) of the United States would buy U.S. securities and resell them in London for a higher(prenominal) price. During this period, U.S. investment banks were linked to European banks. These connections included J.P. Morgan & Co. and George Peabody & Co. (based in London) Kidder, Peabody & Co. and Barling Brothers (based in London) and Kuhn, Loeb, & Co. and the Warburgs (based in Germany).Since European banks and investors could not assess businesses in the United States easily, they turned with their U.S. counterseparate to monitor the success of their invest ments. U.S. investment bankers often would go along seats on the boards of the companies issuing the securities to supervise operations and make sure dividends were pay. Companies established long-term relationships with particular investment banks as a consequence. In addition, this period saw the development of two basic components of investment banking underwriting and syndication. Be move some of the companies seeking to sell securities during this period, such as railroad and return companies, required substantial amounts of capital, investment bankers began under-writing the securities, thereby guaranteeing a specific price for them. If the shares failed to fetch the set price, the investments banks covered the difference. Underwriting allowed companies to raise the funds they needed by issuing a sufficient amount of shares without inundating the market so that the care for of the shares dropped.Because the prise of the securities they underwrote frequently surpassed thei r financial limits, investment banks introduced syndication, which involved sharing attempt with other investment banks. Further, syndication enabled investment banks to establish larger networks to distri alonee their shares and and and then investment banks began to develop relationships with each other in the form of syndicates. The syndicate structure typically included three to five tiers, which handled varying degrees of shares and responsibilities. The structure is often thought of as a pyramid with a fewer large, influential investment banks at the apex and smaller banks below. In the first tier, the originating broker or house of issue ( promptly referred to as the manager) investigated companies, determined how much capital would be raised, set the price and number of shares to be issued, and obstinate when the shares would be issued.The originating broker often handled the largest volume of shares and eventually began charging fees for its services. In the help tier , the purchase syndicate took a smaller number of shares, often at a slightly higher price such as I percent or 0.5 percent higher. In the third tier, the banking syndicate took an even smaller amount of shares at a price higher than that paid by the purchase syndicate. Depending on the size of the issue, other tiers could be added such as the selling syndicate and selling group. Investment banks in these tiers of the syndicate would just sell shares, entirely would not agree to sell a specific amount. Hence, they functioned as brokers who bought and sold shares on commission from their customers. From the mid-i800s to the early 1900s, J. P. Morgan was the most influential investment banker. Morgan could sell U.S. bonds overseas that the U.S. Department of the Treasury failed to sell and he led the financing of the railroad. He also raised funds for General Electric and United States Steel. Nevertheless, Morgans control and influence helped cause a number of stock panics, including the panic of 1901.Morgan and other powerful investment bankers became the target of the muckrakers as well as of inquiries into stock speculations. These investigations included the Armstrong indemnity investigation of 1905, the Hughes investigation of 1909, and the Money self-assertion investigation of 1912. The Money Trust investigation led to most states adopting the so-called blue-sky laws, which were designed to deter investment scams by start-up companies. The banks responded to these investigations and laws by establishing the Investment Bankers Association to ensure the prudent practices among investment banks. These investigations also led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Beginning about the time World War I broke out, the United States became a commendationor nation and the roles of Europe and the United States switched to some extent. Companies in other countries now turned to the United States for investment banking.During the 1920s, the number and value of securities offerings increased when investment banks began raising money for a variety of emergent industries automotive, aviation, and radio. Prior to World War 1, securities issues peaked at about $ 1 million, but afterwards issues of more than $20 million were frequent. The banks, however, became mired in speculation during this period as over 1 million investors bought stocks on margin, that is, with money borrowed from the banks. In addition, the large banks began speculating with the money of their depositors and commercial banks made forays into underwriting. The stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, and commercial and investment banks lost $30 gazillion by mid-November. While the crash only affected bankers, brokers, and some investors and while most people still had their jobs, the crash brought about a deferred payment crunch. Credit became so scarce that by 1931 more than 500 U.S. banks folded, as the Great Depression continue.As a essence, investment banking all but frittered away. Securities issues no longer took place for the most part and few people could afford to invest or would be willing to invest in the stock market, which kept sinking. Because of crash, the government launched an investigation led by Ferdinand Pecora, which became cognise as the Pecora Investigation. After exposing the corrupt practices of commercial and investment banks, the investigation led to the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as well as to the sign of the Banking Act of 1933, also kn hold as the Glass-Steagall Act. The SEC became responsible for regulate and overseeing in-vesting in public companies. The Glass-Steagall Act mandated the separation of commercial and investment banking and from thenuntil the late 1980banks had to choose between the two enterprises. Further mandate grew out of this period, too.The Revenue Act of 1932 raised the tax on stocks and required taxes on bonds, which made the practice of rai sing prices in the dissimilar tiers of the syndicate arrangement no longer feasible. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 required investment banks to make full disclosures of securities offerings in investment prospectuses and manoeuverd the SEC with reviewing them. This legislation also required companies to repairly file financial statements in order to make known changes in their financial position. As a military issue of these acts, bidding for investment banking projects became competitive as companies began to select the lowest bidders and not rely on major traditional companies such as Morgan Stanley and Kuhn, Loeb. The locomote major effort to clean up the investment banking manufacture came with the U.S. v. Morgan persona in 1953. This case was a government antitrust investigation into the practices of 17 of the top investment banks.The court, however, sided with the defendant investment banks, concluding that they had not conspired to control the U.S. securities industry and to prevent new entrants beginning just about 1915, as the government prosecutors argued. By the 1950s, investment banking began to pick up as the economy continued to prosper. This growth surpassed that of the 1920s. Consequently, major corporations sought new financing during this period. General Motors, for example, made a stock offering of $325 million in 1955, which was the largest stock offering to that time. In addition, airlines, shopping malls, and governments began raising money by selling securities around this time. During the 1960s, high-technical school electronics companies spurred on investment banking. Companies such as Texas Instruments and Electronic selective information Systems led the way in securities offerings.Established investment houses such as Morgan Stanley did not handle these issues rather, Wall Street newcomers such as Charles Plohn & Co. did. The established houses, however, participated in the conglomerat ion trend of the 1950s and 1960s by helping consolidating companies negotiate deals. The stock market collapse of 1969 ushered in a new era of economic problems which continued through the 1970s, stifling banks and investment houses. The recession of the 1970s brought about a wave of mergers among investment brokers.Investment banks began to expand their services during this period, by setting up retail operations, expanding into global markets, investing in venture capital, and working with insurance companies. While investment bankers once worked for fixed commissions, they have been negotiating fees with investors since 1975, when the SEC opted to deregulate investment banker fees. This deregulation also gave rise to discount brokers, who undercut the prices of established firms. In addition, investment banks started to implement computer technology in the 1970s and 1980s in order to automate and expedite operations. Furthermore, investment banking became much more competitive a s investment bankers could no longer wait for clients to come to them, but had to endeavour to win new clients and retain old ones.ORGANIZATIONAL social system & CORE BANKING ACTIVITIESInvestment banking is split into front office, middle office, and cover office activities. While large service investment banks offer all lines of business, both sell side and buy side, smaller sell side investment firms such as boutique investment banks and small broker-dealers steering on investment banking and sales/trading/research, respectively. Investment banks offer services to both corporations issuing securities and investors buying securities. For corporations, investment bankers offer information on when and how to place their securities on the open market, an activity very signifi loafert to an investment banks reputation. Therefore, investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings.Front pieceInvestment BankingCorporate finance is the traditional aspec t of investment banks which also involves helping customers raise funds in capital markets and giving advice on mergers and acquisitions (M&A). This may involve subscribing investors to a security issuance, coordinating with bidders, or negotiating with a merger target. another(prenominal) term for the investment banking division is in integrated finance, and its advisory group is often termed mergers and acquisitions. A pitch book of financial information is generated to market the bank to a potential M&A client if the pitch is successful, the bank arranges the deal for the client.The investment banking division (IBD) is largely divided into industry coverage and product coverage groups. Industry coverage groups focus on a specific industry, such as healthcare, industrials, or technology, and maintain relationships with corporations within the industry to bring in business for a bank. Product coverage groups focus on financial products, such as mergers and acquisitions, lev eraged finance, public finance, asset finance and leasing, structured finance, restructuring, equity, and high-grade debt and generally work and collaborate with industry groups on the more intricate and narrow needs of a client.Sales and TradingOn behalf of the bank and its clients, a large investment banks primary function is buying and selling products. In market making, championshiprs will buy and sell financial products with the goal of making money on each trade. Sales is the term for the investment banks sales force, whose primary job is to call on institutional and high-net-worth investors to suggest trading ideas (on a caveat emptor basis) and take orders. Sales desks then communicate their clients orders to the appropriate trading desks, which can price and accomplish trades, or structure new products that fit a specific need. Structuring has been a relatively recent activity as derivatives have come into play, with highly technical and numerate employees working on cr eating mixed structured products which typically offer much greater margins and returns than underlying cash securities.In 2010, investment banks came under pressure as a result of selling complex derivatives contracts to local municipalities in Europe and the US. Strategists advise outside(a) as well as internal clients on the strategies that can be adopted in various markets. Ranging from derivatives to specific industries, strategists place companies and industries in a quantitative framework with full consideration of the macroeconomic scene.This strategy often affects the way the firm will operate in the market, the direction it would like to take in terms of its proprietary and flow positions, the suggestions salespersons give to clients, as well as the way structures create new products. Banks also meet jeopardize through proprietary trading, performed by a special set of traders who do not interface with clients and through principal riskrisk undertaken by a trader after he buys or sells a product to a client and does not hedge his total exposure. Banks seek to maximize profitability for a given amount of risk on their balance sheet. The necessity for numerical ability in sales and trading has created jobs for physics, mathematics and engineering Ph.D.s who act as quantitative analysts.Equity queryThe research division reviews companies and writes reports about their prospects, often with buy or sell ratings. While the research division may or may not generate receipts (based on policies at different banks), its resources are employ to assist traders in trading, the sales force in suggesting ideas to customers, and investment bankers by covering their clients. Research also serves outside clients with investment advice (such as institutional investors and high net worth individuals) in the hopes that these clients will execute suggested trade ideas through the sales and trading division of the bank, and thereby generate revenue for the firm. The re is a potential conflict of interest between the investment bank and its analysis, in that published analysis can affect the banks profits. Hence in recent years the relationship between investment banking and research has incur highly modulate, requiring a Chinese wall between public and private functions.Asset ManagementpicThe asset management division manages money for institutions, such as mutual funds, and wealthy individuals. The business is divided into three sub-divisions. Asset Management Division has the responsibility to set up and facilitate in term of Strategic and Development Programme in Asset Management. Data Management, Performance Managing and Information in Asset Management. pedigree ManagementThis division manages a number of funds, each with a different focus and strategy. For example the asset management division may have three funds, one focused on private equity investments in emerging markets, another dealing with arbitrage trades, and yet another that buys and holds embodied debt. Clients can choose to place their money with either of these funds. Some banks, such as Bank of tender York Mellon, manage exchange-traded funds that are reachable to retail investors. The bank earns revenue by charging a fee for assets under management, and sometimes by charging a commission based on returns. surreptitious Banking and Wealth ManagementThe division manages banking activities of extremely wealthy individuals. Apart from providing regular banking services, such as check clearing, the division also advise such individuals on tax strategy and investments. They work closely with other parts of the asset management division to provide a comprehensive service, e.g. work with fund management to invest in different strategies. Prime brokerage houseThe division deals with professional asset managers, such as mutual funds and hedge funds. Their services include executing trades on behalf of these clients, holding detention of their assets, a nd advising them on potential opportunities. For example When Berkshire Hathaway (BRK) needs to buy a certain security from public markets, it uses a prime broker to buy and hold the security on its behalf. The division works closely with the Sales and Trading division. Additionally, the prime brokerage can also help its clients (hedge funds) to find investors. mediate OfficeThis area of the bank includes risk management, treasury management, internal controls, and corporate strategy. Risk management involves analyzing the market and credit risk that traders are pickings onto the balance sheet in conducting their daily trades, and setting limits on the amount of capital that they are able to trade in order to prevent bad trades having a detrimental effect on a desk overall. Another key Middle Office role is to ensure that the economic risks are captured accurately (as per agreement of commercial terms with the counterparty), correctly (as per standardized involvement models in the most appropriate systems) and on time (typically within 30 minutes of trade execution). In recent years the risk of errors has become known as operational risk and the assurance Middle Offices provide now includes measures to address this risk.When this assurance is not in place, market and credit risk analysis can be unreliable and open to hand manipulation. Additionally, corporate treasury is responsible for an investment banks funding, capital structure management, and liquidity risk monitoring. Financial control tracks and analyzes the capital flows of the firm, the finance division is the principal adviser to senior management on inborn areas such as controlling the firms global risk exposure and the profitability and structure of the firms various businesses via employ trading desk product control teams. In the United States and United Kingdom, a Financial Controller is a senior position, often reporting to the chieftain Financial Officer. Corporate strategy, along with ri sk, treasury, and controllers, also often falls under the finance division.Back OfficeOperationsThis involves data-checking trades that have been conducted, ensuring that they are not erroneous, and transacting the required transfers. Many banks have outsourced operations. It is, however, a critical part of the bank. cod to increased competition in finance related careers, college degrees are now mandatory at most Tier 1 investment banks. A finance degree has proved significant in understanding the reasonableness of the deals and transactions that occur across all the divisions of the bank.TechnologyEvery major investment bank has considerable amounts of in-house software, created by the technology team, who are also responsible for technical support. Technology has changed considerably in the last few years as more sales and trading desks are using electronic trading. Some trades are initiated by complex algorithms for hedging purposes. Firms are responsible for compliance with g overnment regulations and internal regulations. Principal Investing and branded TradingpicInvestment banks have attempted to increase their return on equity by investing their own capital into certain ventures. The bank invests its own capital by taking a equity or debt stake in corporations with the aim of influencing the management. The motive is very similar to that private equity investors the bank tries to profit by turning around companies. The bank can also take short-term positions in the market with its own capital. This is known as proprietary trading, and the bank attempts to earn a profit by correctly predicting market movements.Proprietary trading is very different from normal sales and trading operations where the banks revenue is primarily certified on the volume of trade it executes on behalf of its client. The notion of the bank risking its own capital can be traced back ever since banking was invented. J.P. Morgan, founder of J P Morgan Chase, was an extremely successful investor. However, in recent years, Goldman Sachs has been the leader in this field in 2007, the bank profited greatly from the proprietary trades that it made against the sub-prime market. In many cases, the banks allow other investors to invest in such ventures (and charge a management fee). This puts them in direct competitor with hedge funds and private equity firms for both investors and investing opportunities.INVESTMENT BANKING IN THE twentieth CENTURYIn the mid-20th century, large investment banks were dominated by the dealmakers. Advising clients on mergers and acquisitions and public offerings was the main focus of major Wall Street partnerships. These belt down bracket firms included Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, First Boston and others. That trend began to change in the 1980s as a new focus on trading propelled firms such as Salomon Brothers, Merrill Lynch and Drexel Burnham Lambert into the limelight. Investment banks earned an increase a mount of their profits from proprietary trading. Advances in computing technology also enabled banks to use more sophisticated model driven software to execute trades and generate a profit on small changes in market conditions. In the 1980s, financier Michael Milken popularized the use of high yield debt (also known as junk bonds) in corporate finance and mergers and acquisitions.This fuelled a boom in leverage buyouts and hostile takeovers (see History of Private Equity). Filmmaker Oliver Stone immortalized the smell of the times with his movie, Wall Street, in which Michael Douglas played the role of corporate highwayman Gordon Gekko and epitomized corporate greed. Investment banks profited handsomely during the boom years of the 1990s and into the tech boom and bubble. When the tech bubble burst, it precipitated a string of new legislation to prevent conflicts of interest within investment banks. Investment banking research analysts had been actively promoting stocks to investo rs while privately acknowledging they were not attractive investments. In other instances, analysts gave good stock ratings to corporate clients in the hopes of attracting them as investment banking clients and handling potentially lucrative initial public offerings. These scandals paled by comparison to the financial crisis that has enveloped the banking industry since 2007.The speculative bubble in housing prices along with an overreliance on sub-prime mortgage lending trigged a cascade of crises. Two major investment banks, rotate Stearns and Lehman Brothers, collapsed under the weight of failed mortgage-backed securities. In March, 2008, the Federal government began using a variety of taxpayer-funded bailout measures to prop up other firms. The Federal Reserve offered a $30 billion line of credit to J.P. Morgan Chase to that it could acquire give birth Sterns. Bank of America acquired Merrill Lynch.The last two bulge bracket investment banks, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, elected to convert to bank holding companies and be fully regulated by the Federal Reserve. Moving forward, the recent financial crisis has weakened both the reputation and the dominance of U.S. investment banking organizations throughout the world. The growth of foreign capital markets along with an increase in pools of sovereign capital is changing the ornament of the industry. The growing international flow of capital has also opened up opportunities for investment banking in new financial centers around the world, including those in exploitation countries such as India, China and the Middle vitamin ESIZE OF THE manufacturingGlobal investment banking revenue increased for the fifth year discharge in 2007, to a record US$84.3 billion, which was up 22% on the previous year and more than double the level in 2003. ensuant to their exposure to United States sub-prime securities investments, many investment banks have experienced losings since this time. The United States was th e primary source of investment banking income in 2007, with 53% of the total, a proportion which has fallen somewhat during the past decade. Europe (with Middle East and Africa) generated 32% of the total, slightly up on its 30% share a decade ago. Asian countries generated the remaining 15%. Over the past decade, fee income from the US increased by 80%.This compares with a 217% increase in Europe and 250% increase in Asia during this period. The industry is heavily concentrated in a small number of major financial centres, including City of London, New York City, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Investment banking is one of the most global industries and is hence continuously challenged to respond to new developments and innovation in the global financial markets. New products with higher margins are constantly invented and manufactured by bankers in the hope of benignant over clients and developing trading know-how in new markets. However, since these can usually not bepatented or copyrighte d, they are very often copied quickly by competing banks, pushing down trading margins. For example, trading bonds and equities for customers is now a good business, but structuring and trading derivatives retains higher margins in good timesand the risk of large losses in difficult market conditions, such as the credit crunch that began in 2007.Each over-the-counter contract has to be uniquely structured and could involve complex pay-off and risk profiles. Listed option contracts are traded through major exchanges, such as the CBOE, and are almost as commoditized as general equity securities. In addition, while many products have been commoditized, an increasing amount of profit within investment banks has come from proprietary trading, where size creates a positive network benefit (since the more trades an investment bank does, the more it knows about the market flow, allowing it to theoretically make infract trades and pass on better guidance to clients).The fastest growing segm ents of the investment banking industry are private investments into public companies (PIPEs, otherwise known as Regulation D or Regulation S). Such transactions are privately negotiated between companies and accredited investors. These PIPE transactions are non-rule 144A transactions. great(p) bulge bracket brokerage firms and smaller boutique firms compete in this sector. Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) or blank check corporations have been created from this industry.