Essay --

a) Reinhold Messner guessed that Otzi is 500 years old. b) Erika and Helmut Simon first discovered Otzi. c) Otzi probably brought species of grass that do not grow at that altitude. d) Walter Kutschera works with the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator. e) Willard Libby assumed that C-14 content in the atmosphere was constant over time. f) Rainer Henn flew the iceman to his institute by helicopter. g) Konrad Spindler was the first person to estimate the iceman’s age to be about 4000 years. 2. The Similaun Mountain Peak’s height, in meters, is 3607 meters. 3. After the discovery of an unusual piece of equipment found with Otzi’s body, Spindler made the estimation that the iceman’s age is older than 500 years old on September 24, 1991. 4. A water divide is the line that separates bordering or nearby water basins. 5. a) The Inn is referring to the River Inn which is north of the water divide. b) Situated along the border of Austria and Italy, the location of Otzi sparked many debates. Initially, the water divide between the Rivers Inn and Etsch was used as a guide for the location of the border line, but snow and ice made it difficult to clearly identify the location of the water divide. Otzi was declared to be found just 92 meters within Italy after the clarification of the border line, which means Italy holds possession over Otzi. However, it was later observed that the water from the ice and snow was now draining towards River Inn. c) The Iceman was kept in Austria for six years after his discovery. 6. An ax with bronze-like blade was found with Otzi’s body. 7. The Iceman is kept in a glass vitrine with regulated temperature of -6â„Æ' and humidity of 98% at glacier-like conditions. 8. Zurich and Oxford la... ...or mass spectrometry. 22. AMS determines the isotopic composition of a sample material by first producing a negatively-charged ion beam, which is then subjected to a series of extremely selective filtering procedures in order to find C-14. 23. a) The second step for preparing a sample to be carbon- dated by AMS is the complete combustion of carbon to CO2. b) Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co) are used as catalysts in step 3. 24. a) The names of the two articles written by Willard Libby are â€Å"Atmospheric helium three and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation† and â€Å"Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age†. b) Three articles were cited from the journal called Radiocarbon. c) The name of the article by Nicolussi and Patzelt is called Discovery of early- Holocene wood and peat on the forefield of the Pasterze Glacier, Eastern Alps, Austria.